Traffic engineering / Roger P. Roess, William R. McShane, Elena S. Prassas.

CONTENIDO
1 Introduction to Traffic Engineering and Its Scope 1
Elements of Traffic Engineering and of This Text 2
The Transportation System 2
ISTEA 8
Environmental Requirements 9
Ethical Aspects of Impact Work 10
Responsibility and Liability in Traffic Engineering 11
Standard References for the Traffic Engineer 12
Sources on the Internet 13
A Comment on English vs. Standard International (Metric) Units 13
Summary 14
2 Emerging Issues and Trends in Traffic Engineering 17
Intelligent Transportation Systems 18
Preserving the Function of the Facility 27
Access Management 32
Attention to Intermodal Emphasis 36
Performance Measures 36
Mobility and Congestion 37
Trends in Population and Transportation Location 37
Metrication 37
Summary 37
3 Traffic Stream Components and Characteristics 41
Road User Characteristics 42
Vehicle Characteristics 46
Geometric Characteristics of Roadways 55
Traffic Control Devices 60
Traffic Streams 60
Traffic-Stream Parameters 61
Characteristics of Uninterrupted Flow 68
Characteristics of Interrupted Flow 69
4 Traffic Studies: Introduction and Overview 72
Modern Technology 73
Data Fusion 74
Performance Assessment 75
Classical Studies 78
Special Studies 78
Managing the System: Inventories 79
Observance Studies 83
Basic Principles of Probability and Statistics 84
Applications 88
Summary 88
5 Statistics and Applications in Traffic Engineering 90
Some Basic Principles 91
Common Estimators 99
Confidence Bounds 99
Estimating Sample Sizes 100
The Concept of Hypothesis Testing 102
Before and After Tests with Generalized Alternative Hypothesis 105
A Hypothesis on the Underlying Distribution f(x) 108
Application: Discharge Rates at a Signalized Intersection 112
Additional Statistical Tests 114
Summary 118
6 Volume Studies and Characteristics 121
Volume and Demand 122
Volume and Other Stream Flow Parameters 125
Temporal and Spatial Variation of Volume 125
Data Collection Techniques and Technology 130
Intersection Volume Studies 133
Small-Network Volume Studies 135
State Programs to Estimate AADT and VMT 141
Origins and Destinations 145
Cordon and Screenline Studies 147
Summary 148
7 Speed, Travel Time, and Delay Studies 152
Presentations for Areas and Facilities 152
The Basic Measurement 154
Spot Speed Studies 157
Travel Time Studies 168
Intersection Delay Studies 173
Summary 175
8 Accident Studies 181
Approaches to Highway Safety 182
Accident Data Collection and Record Systems 184
Accident Statistics: Providing Systematic Insight 188
Site Analysis 194
9 Traffic Capacity Analysis Concepts 206
Capacity 207
Level of Service 210
Adjusting Capacity and Service Flow Rate to Reflect Prevailing Conditions 212
Summary 216
10 Highway Capacity Analysis of Multilane, Uninterrupted Flow
Facilities 218
Basic Characteristics of Multilane Flow 220
Estimating Free-Flow Speed 227
Computational Procedures 231
Applications of the Computational Methodology 239
The HCS Package 245
11 Areas of Concentrated Turbulence on Uninterrupted Flow Facilities:
Weaving, Merging, and Diverging 249
Analysis of Weaving Areas 250
Analysis of Ramps and Ramp Terminals 265
HCS Software 279
Procedure Sources 279
12 Calibrating Relationships for Freeway Analysis 282
Calibrating Basic Speed-Flow-Density Relationships 282
Finding Capacity and Defining Level of Service from Basic Speed-
Flow-Density Curves 288
Studies for the 1997 HCM Update 294
Calibration of Adjustment Factors for Freeway Capacity Analysis 298
Adjustment Factors to Free-Flow Speed 304
Calibration of Procedures for Weaving and Ramp Analysis 305
Summary 305
13 Analysis of Two-Lane Rural Highways 309
Design Standards 309
Passing on Two-Lane Rural Highways: A Unique Operational Feature 310
Capacity Analysis Procedures for Two-Lane Highways 311
Summary 332
14 Traffic Control Devices 334
The Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices 334
Communicating with the Driver 336
Traffic Markings 337
Traffic Signs 344
Traffic Signals 358
Traffic Signal Hardware and Street Display 364
Summary and Conclusion 374
15 Introduction to Intersection Control 376
Hierarchy of Intersection Control 376
Assessing the Viability of Basic Rules-of-the-Road 378
Assessing the Need for Signalization: Warrants 381
Stop and Yield Control 393
Summary 397
16 Basic Principles of Intersection Signalization 401
Terms and Definitions 401
Four Basic Mechanisms 403
Summary 423
17 Fundamentals of Signal Design and Timing 429
Signal Phasing and the Development of Phase Plans 429
Some Important Details of Intersection Signalization 440
Simple Signal Timing: Getting Started 451
Summary 461
18 Analysis of Signalized Intersections 466
Conceptual Framework for the 1994 HCM Method 467
The 1994 HCM Model 472
Sample Problem 1: With Full Details 512
Sample Problem 2: Looking at Alternatives 523
The 1997 HCM: Revisions and Updates 530
19 Actuated Signals and Detection 542
Actuated Control and Controllers 542
Detection for Actuated Signalization 543
Actuated Control Features and Operation 543
Signal Timing Parameters and Detector Placement 546
Pedestrian Requirements 547
An Example: Semi-Actuated Control 548
An Example: Full-Actuated Control 551
Summary 554
20 Calibration of Parameters for Movement Analysis 557
Saturation Flow Rates 558
Lost Times 561
Adjustment Factors 562
Normalizing Signalized-Intersection Analysis 568
The Delay Equation 568
21 Techniques for Addressing Freeway System Congestion 572
Freeway Entrance-Ramp Control 572
Incidents and Capacity Reductions 575
Congestion Due to a Bottleneck 579
Cumulative Demand and Capacity 583
22 Signal Coordination for Progressive and Congested Conditions 592
Factors Affecting Coordination 592
The Time-Space Diagram and Ideal Offsets 596
Signal Progression on One-Way Streets 597
The Special Problem of Progressions on Two-Way Streets and in
Networks 601
The Bandwidth Concept and Maximum Bandwidth 604
Forward and Reverse Progressions 610
Effective Progressions on Two-Way Streets 611
Insights from the Importance of Signal Spacing and Cycle Length 614
Oversaturated Traffic 617
Signal Remedies 618
Nonsignal Remedies: Some Considerations 623
Summary 623
23 Computer Traffic Signal Control Systems for Arterials and Networks 632
Basic Principles and Flow of Information 632
Issues Influencing the Evolution of Computer Control Systems 636
General Description of the Control System 638
Communications 639
A Current Issue: Decentralization 640
Toronto and Other Early Projects 641
UTCS, the Urban Traffic Control System 645
Projects Throughout the World 647
Summary 649
24 Arterial Design and Management 653
Kramer's Concept of an Ideal Suburban Arterial 653
Arterial Performance 654
The Through Vehicle Is the Measure 655
Signal Spacing in a Planning Context 656
An Overall Approach to Arterial Management 658
Access Management 665
One-Way Streets and Networks 667
Special-Use Lanes and Streets 668
Goods Activity on Arterials 670
Transit Vehicles on Urban Streets 672
Special Signalization Issues 678
HCM Procedure for Arterials 682
Summary 688
25 Traffic Simulation: Principles and Tools 695
Basics of Simulation 696
Issues in Traffic Simulation 698
A Set of Traffic Models 700
TRAF-NETSIM 700
Visualization Packages 701
FRESIM 701
Specifying Tomorrow's Traffic Simulation Model 701
Summary 705