Sediment and contaminant transport in surface waters / Wilbert Lick.

CONTENIDO
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
Examples of Contaminated Sediment Sites 2
Hudson River 2
Lower Fox River 4
Passaic River/Newark Bay 6
Palos Verdes Shelf 7
Modeling, Parameterization, and Non-Unique Solutions 9
Modeling 9
Parameterization and Non-Unique Solutions 10
The Importance of Big Events 12
Chapter 2. General Properties of Sediments 21
Particle Sizes 21
Classification of Sizes 21
Measurements of Particle Size 23
Size Distributions 23
Variations in Size of Natural Sediments throughout a System 26
Settling Speeds 30
Mineralogy 33
Flocculation of Suspended Sediments 35
Bulk Densities of Bottom Sediments 37
Measurements of Bulk Density 39
Variations in Bulk Density 41
Chapter 3. Sediment Erosion 45
Devices for Measuring Sediment Resuspension/Erosion 46
Annular Flumes 46
The Shaker 50
Sedflume 51
A Comparison of Devices 54
Results of Field Measurements 56
Detroit River 57
Kalamazoo River 60
Effects of Bulk Properties on Erosion Rates 67
Bulk Density 68
Particle Size 70
Mineralogy 72
Organic Content 75
Salinity 76
Gas 77
Comparison of Erosion Rates 79
Benthic Organisms and Bacteria 80
Initiation of Motion and a Critical Shear Stress for Erosion 81
Theoretical Analysis for Noncohesive Particles 83
Effects of Cohesive Forces 85
Effects of Bulk Density 87
Effects of Clay Minerals 88
Approximate Equations for Erosion Rates 90
Cohesive Sediments 90
Noncohesive Sediments 91
A Uniformly Valid Equation 92
Effects of Clay Minerals 92
Effects of Surface Slope 93
Noncohesive Sediments 93
Critical Stresses for Cohesive Sediments 96
Experimental Results for Cohesive Sediments 97
Chapter 3. Flocculation, Settling, Deposition, and Consolidation 103
Basic Theory of Aggregation 104
Collision Frequency 104
Particle Interactions 106
Results of Flocculation Experiments 108
Flocculation due to Fluid Shear 109
Flocculation due to Differential Settling 116
Settling Speeds of Flocs 120
Flocs Produced in a Couette Flocculator 120
Flocs Produced in a Disk Flocculator 122
An Approximate and Uniformly Valid Equation for the Settling Speed of a Floc 125
Models of Flocculation 126
General Formulation and Model 126
A Simple Model 130
A Very Simple Model 138
An Alternate Derivation 139
Fractal Theory 140
Deposition 142
Processes and Parameters That Affect Deposition 145
Fluid Turbulence 145
Particle Dynamics 148
Particle Size Distribution 148
Flocculation 148
Bed Armoring/Consolidation 149
Partial Coverage of Previously Deposited Sediments by Recently Deposited Sediments 149
Experimental Results and Analyses 149
Implications for Modeling Deposition 154
Consolidation 155
Experimental Results 156
Basic Theory of Consolidation 165
Consolidation Theory Including Gas 169
Appendix A 171
Appendix B 172
Hydrodynamic Modeling 175
General Considerations in the Modeling of Currents 176
Basic Equations and Boundary Conditions 176
Eddy Coefficients 179
Bottom Shear Stress 182
Effects of Currents 182
Effects of Waves and Currents 185
Wind Stress 187
Sigma Coordinates 188
Numerical Stability 189
Two-Dimensional, Vertically Integrated, Time-Dependent Models 190
Basic Equations and Approximations 190
The Lower Fox River 191
Wind-Driven Currents in Lake Erie 194
Two-Dimensional, Horizontally Integrated, Time-Dependent Models 195
Basic Equations and Approximations 196
Time-Dependent Thermal Stratification in Lake Erie 198
Three-Dimensional, Time-Dependent Models 201
Lower Duwamish Waterway 202
Numerical Error due to Use of Sigma Coordinates 204
Model of Currents and Salinities 205
Flow around Partially Submerged Cylindrical Bridge Piers 206
Wave Action 210
Wave Generation 210
Lake Erie 211 (1)
A Southwest Wind 212
A North Wind 213
Relation of Wave Action to Sediment Texture 213
Chapter 6. Modeling Sediment Transport 215
Overview of Models 215
Dimensions 215
Quantities That Significantly Affect Sediment Transport 216
Erosion Rates 216
Particle/Floc Size Distributions 217
Settling Speeds 218
Deposition Rates 219
Flocculation of Particles 219
Consolidation 219
Erosion into Suspended Load and/or Bedload 220
Bed Armoring 220
Transport as Suspended Load and Bedload 220
Suspended Load 220
Bedload 221
Erosion into Suspended Load and/or Bedload 223
Bed Armoring 226
Simple Applications 226
Transport and Coarsening in a Straight Channel 227
Transport in an Expansion Region 229
Transport in a Curved Channel 235
The Vertical Transport and Distribution of Flocs 237
Rivers 239
Sediment Transport in the Lower Fox River 239
Model Parameters 240
A Time-Varying Flow 242
Upstream Boundary Condition for Sediment Concentration 246
Use of Sedflume Data in Modeling Erosion Rates 249
Effects of Grid Size 251
Sediment Transport in the Saginaw River 252
Sediment Transport during Spring Runoff 255
Long-Term Sediment Transport Predictions 257
Lakes and Bays 261
Modeling Big Events in Lake Erie 261
Transport due to Uniform Winds 261
The 1940 Armistice Day Storm 263
Geochronology 264
Comparison of Sediment Transport Models for Green Bay 266
Formation of a Turbidity Maximum in an Estuary 271
Numerical Model and Transport Parameters 272
Numerical Calculations 273
A Constant-Depth, Steady-State Flow 273
A Variable-Depth, Steady-State Flow 274
A Variable-Depth, Time-Dependent Tidal Flow 277
Chapter 7. The Sorption and Partitioning of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals 279
Experimental Results and Analyses 280
Basic Experiments 280
Parameters That Affect Steady-State Sorption and Partitioning 285
Colloids from the Sediments 285
Colloids from the Water 289
Organic Content of Sediments 291
Sorption to Benthic Organisms and Bacteria 292
Nonlinear Isotherms 292
Modeling the Dynamics of Sorption 297
A Diffusion Model 298
A Simple and Computationally Efficient Model 300
Calculations with the General Model and Comparisons with Experimental Results 303
Desorption 305
Adsorption 308
Short-Term Adsorption Followed by Desorption 310
Chapter 8. Effects of Chemical Properties on Adsorption 311
Modeling the Transport and Fate of Hydrophobic Chemicals 313
Effects of Erosion/Deposition and Transport 316
The Saginaw River 316
Green Bay, Effects of Finite Sorption Rates 319
The Diffusion Approximation for the Sediment-Water Flux 322
Simple, or Fickian, Diffusion 322
Sorption Equilibrium 325
A Mass Transfer Approximation 326
The Sediment-Water Flux due to Molecular Diffusion 327
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) 328
Experiments 328
Theoretical Models 329
Diffusion of Tritiated Water 330
HCB Diffusion and Sorption 331
Additional HOCs 334
Experimental Results 334
Theoretical Model 336
Numerical Calculations 337
Long-Term Sediment-Water Fluxes 338
Related Problems 338
Flux from Contaminated Bottom Sediments to Clean Overlying Water 338
Flux Due to a Contaminant Spill 341
The Sediment-Water Flux Due to Bioturbation 342
Physical Mixing of Sediments by Organisms 343
The Flux of an HOC Due to Organisms 344
Experimental Procedures 345
Theoretical Model 346
Experimental and Modeling Results 348
Modeling Bioturbation as a Diffusion with Finite-Rate Sorption Process 353
The Sediment-Water Flux Due to "Diffusion" 355
The Flux and the Formation of Sediment Layers Due to Erosion/Deposition 355
Comparison of "Diffusive" Fluxes and Decay Times 356
Observations of Well-Mixed Layers 357
The Determination of an Effective h 359
Environmental Dredging: A Study of Contaminant Release and Transport 360
Transport of Dredged Particles 361
Transport and Desorption of Chemical Initially Sorbed to Dredged Particles 362
Diffusive Release of Contaminant from the Residual Layers 363
Volatilization 365
Water Quality Modeling, Parameterization, and Non-Unique Solutions 366
Process Models 367
Sediment Erosion 367
Sediment Deposition 367
Bed Armoring 368
The Sediment-Water Flux of HOCs Due to "Diffusion" 368
Equilibrium Partitioning 368
Numerical Grid 369
Parameterization and Non-Unique Solutions 369
Implications for Water Quality Modeling 370
References 373
Index 389