Foundation analysis and design / Joseph E. Bowles.

CONTENIDO
Preface xiii
About the Computer Programs xvii
List of Primary Symbols Used in Text xix
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Foundations: Their Importance and Purpose 1
1.2 Foundation Engineering 1
1.3 Foundations: Classifications and Select Definitions 3
1.4 Foundations: General Requirements 6
1.5 Foundations: Additional Considerations 7
1.6 Foundations: Selection of Type 9
1.7 The International System of Units (SI) and the Foot-pound-second (Fps) System 9
1.8 Computational Accuracy versus Design Precision 12
1.9 Computer Programs in Foundation Analysis and Design 13
2. Geotechnical and Index Properties: Laboratory Testing; Settlement and Strength Correlations 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Foundation Subsoils 16
2.3 Soil Volume and Density Relationships 17
2.4 Major Factors That Affect the Engineering Properties of Soils 21
2.5 Routine Laboratory Index Soil Tests 24
2.6 Soil Classification Methods in Foundation Design 29
2.7 Soil Material Classification Terms 35
2.8 In Situ Stresses and Ko Conditions 39
2.9 Soil Water; Soil Hydraulics 46
2.10 Consolidation Principles 56
2.11 Shear Strength 90
2.12 Sensitivity and Thixotropy 112
2.13 Stress Paths 113
2.14 Elastic Properties of Soil 121
2.15 Isotropic and Anisotropic Soil Masses 127
Problems 131
3. Exploration, Sampling, and In Situ Soil Measurements 135
3.1 Data Required 135
3.2 Methods of Exploration 136
3.3 Planning the Exploration Program 137
3.4 Soil Boring 141
3.5 Soil Sampling 145
3.6 Underwater Sampling 152
3.7 The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) 154
3.8 SPT Correlations 162
3.9 Design N Values 165
3.10 Other Penetration Test Methods 166
3.11 Cone Penetration Test (CPT) 167
3.12 Field Vane Shear Testing (FVST) 183
3.13 The Borehole Shear Test (BST) 189
3.14 The Flat Dilatometer Test (DMT) 190
3.15 The Pressuremeter Test (PMT) 194
3.16 Other Methods for In Situ Ko 198
3.17 Rock Sampling 202
3.18 Groundwater Table (GWT) Location 204
3.19 Number and Depth of Borings 205
3.20 Drilling and/or Exploration of Closed Landfills or Hazardous Waste Sites 206
3.21 The Soil Report 206
Problems 210
4. Bearing Capacity of Foundations 213
4.1 Introduction 213
4.2 Bearing Capacity 214
4.3 Bearing-capacity Equations 219
4.4 Additional Considerations When Using the Bearing-capacity Equations 228
4.5 Bearing-capacity Examples 231
4.6 Footings with Eccentric or Inclined Loadings 236
4.7 Effect of Water Table on Bearing Capacity 249
4.8 Bearing Capacity for Footings on Layered Soils 251
4.9 Bearing Capacity of Footings on Slopes 258
4.10 Bearing Capacity from SPT 263
4.11 Bearing Capacity Using the Cone Penetration Test (CPT) 266
4.12 Bearing Capacity from Field Load Tests 267
4.13 Bearing Capacity of Foundations with Uplift or Tension Forces 270
4.14 Bearing Capacity Based on Building Codes (Presumptive Pressure) 274
4.15 Safety Factors in Foundation Design 275
4.16 Bearing Capacity of Rock 277
Problems 280
5. Foundation Settlements 284
5.1 The Settlement Problem 284
5.2 Stresses in Soil Mass Due to Footing Pressure 286
5.3 The Boussinesq Method For qv 287
5.4 Special Loading Cases for Boussinesq Solutions 296
5.5 Westergaard's Method for Computing Soil Pressures 301
5.6 Immediate Settlement Computations 303
5.7 Rotation of Bases 310
5.8 Immediate Settlements: Other Considerations 313
5.9 Size Effects on Settlements and Bearing Capacity 316
5.10 Alternative Methods of Computing Elastic Settlements 323
5.11 Stresses and Displacements in Layered and Anisotropic Soils 326
5.12 Consolidation Settlements 329
5.13 Reliability of Settlement Computations 337
5.14 Structures on Fills 337
5.15 Structural Tolerance to Settlement and Differential Settlements 338
5.16 General Comments on Settlements 340
Problems 341
6. Improving Site Soils for Foundation Use 344
6.1 Introduction 344
6.2 Lightweight and Structural Fills 346
6.3 Compaction 347
6.4 Soil-cement, Lime, and Fly Ash 351
6.5 Precompression to Improve Site Soils 352
6.6 Drainage Using Sand Blankets and Drains 353
6.7 Sand Columns to Increase Soil Stiffness 356
6.8 Stone Columns 358
6.9 Soil-cement Piles/Columns 360
6.10 Jet Grouting 363
6.11 Foundation Grouting and Chemical Stabilization 364
6.12 Vibratory Methods to Increase Soil Density 365
6.13 Use of Geotextiles to Improve Soil 367
6.14 Altering Groundwater Conditions 368
Problems 369
7. Factors to Consider in Foundation Design 370
7.1 Footing Depth and Spacing 370
7.2 Displaced Soil Effects 373
7.3 Net versus Gross Soil Pressure: Design Soil Pressures 373
7.4 Erosion Problems for Structures Adjacent to Flowing Water 375
7.5 Corrosion Protection 376
7.6 Water Table Fluctuation 376
7.7 Foundations in Sand and Silt Deposits 377
7.8 Foundations on Loess and Other Collapsible Soils 378
7.9 Foundations on Unsaturated Soils Subject to Volume Change with Change in Water Content 380
7.10 Foundations on Clays and Clayey Silts 395
7.11 Foundations on Residual Soils 397
7.12 Foundations on Sanitary Landfill Sites 397
7.13 Frost Depth and Foundations on Permafrost 399
7.14 Environmental Considerations 400
Problems 401
8. Spread Footing Design 403
8.1 Footings: Classification and Purpose 403
8.2 Allowable Soil Pressures in Spread Footing Design 404
8.3 Assumptions Used in Footing Design 405
8.4 Reinforced-concrete Design: USD 406
8.5 Structural Design of Spread Footings 411
8.6 Bearing Plates and Anchor Bolts 425
8.7 Pedestals 433
8.8 Base Plate Design with Overturning Moments 437
8.9 Rectangular Footings 445
8.10 Eccentrically Loaded Spread Footings 449
8.11 Unsymmetrical Footings 465
8.12 Wall Footings and Footings for Residential Construction 466
Problems 469
9. Special Footings and Beams on Elastic Foundations 472
9.1 Introduction 472
9.2 Rectangular Combined Footings 472
9.3 Design of Trapezoid-shaped Footings 481
9.4 Design of Strap (or Cantilever) Footings 486
9.5 Footings for Industrial Equipment 489
9.6 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction 501
9.7 Classical Solution of Beam on Elastic Foundation 506
9.8 Finite-element Solution of Beam on Elastic Foundation 509
9.9 Ring Foundations 523
9.10 General Comments on the Finite-element Procedure 531
Problems 534
10. Mat Foundations 537
10.1 Introduction 537
10.2 Types of Mat Foundations 538
10.3 Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations 539
10.4 Mat Settlements 540
10.5 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction ks for Mats and Plates 544
10.6 Design of Mat Foundations 548
10.7 Finite-difference Method for Mats 552
10.8 Finite-element Method for Mat Foundations 557
10.9 The Finite-grid Method (FGM) 558
10.10 Mat Foundation Examples Using the FGM 565
10.11 Mat-superstructure Interaction 576
10.12 Circular Mats or Plates 576
10.13 Boundary Conditions 587
Problems 587
11. Lateral Earth Pressure 589
11.1 The Lateral Earth Pressure Problem 589
11.2 Active Earth Pressure 589
11.3 Passive Earth Pressure 593
11.4 Coulomb Earth Pressure Theory 594
11.5 Rankine Earth Pressures 601
11.6 General Comments About Both Methods 604
11.7 Active and Passive Earth Pressure Using Theory of Plasticity 609
11.8 Earth Pressure on Walls, Soil-tension Effects, Rupture Zone 611
11.9 Reliability of Lateral Earth Pressures 616
11.10 Soil Properties for Lateral Earth Pressure Computations 617
11.11 Earth-pressure Theories in Retaining Wall Problems 620
11.12 Graphical and Computer Solutions for Lateral Earth Pressure 623
11.13 Lateral Pressures by Theory of Elasticity 629
11.14 Other Causes of Lateral Pressure 640
11.15 Lateral Wall Pressure from Earthquakes 640
11.16 Pressures in Silos, Grain Elevators, and Coal Bunkers 646
Problems 653
12. Mechanically Stabilized Earth and Concrete Retaining Walls 657
12.1 Introduction 657
12.2 Mechanically Reinforced Earth Walls 658
12.3 Design of Reinforced Earth Walls 665
12.4 Concrete Retaining Walls 681
12.5 Cantilever Retaining Walls 683
12.6 Wall Stability 685
12.7 Wall Joints 691
12.8 Wall Drainage 692
12.9 Soil Properties for Retaining Walls 693
12.10 General Considerations in Concrete Retaining Wall Design 695
12.11 Allowable Bearing Capacity 696
12.12 Wall Settlements 696
12.13 Retaining Walls of Varying Height; Abutments and Wingwalls 698
12.14 Counterfort Retaining Walls 700
12.15 Basement or Foundation Walls; Walls for Residential Construction 701
12.16 Elements of ACI 318- Alternate Design Method 702
12.17 Cantilever Retaining Wall Examples 704
Problems 723
13. Sheet-pile Walls: Cantilevered and Anchored 725
13.1 Introduction 725
13.2 Types and Materials Used for Sheetpiling 728
13.3 Soil Properties for Sheet-pile Walls 732
13.4 Stability Numbers for Sheet-pile Walls 737
13.5 Sloping Dredge Line 738
13.6 Finite-element Analysis of Sheet-pile Walls 741
13.7 Finite-element Examples 747
13.8 Anchor Rods, Wales, and Anchorages for Sheetpiling 771
13.9 Overall Wall Stability and Safety Factors 781
Problems 782
14. Walls for Excavations 785
14.1 Construction Excavations 785
14.2 Soil Pressures on Braced Excavation Walls 791
14.3 Conventional Design of Braced Excavation Walls 795
14.4 Estimation of Ground Loss around Excavations 803
14.5 Finite-element Analysis for Braced Excavations 806
14.6 Instability Due to Heave of Bottom of Excavation 811
14.7 Other Causes of Cofferdam Instability 815
14.8 Construction Dewatering 816
14.9 Slurry-wall (or -Trench) Construction 820
Problems 826
15. Cellular Cofferdams 828
15.1 Cellular Cofferdams: Types and Uses 828
15.2 Cell Fill 836
15.3 Stability and Design of Cellular Cofferdams 837
15.4 Bearing Capacity 849
15.5 Cell Settlement 849
15.6 Practical Considerations in Cellular Cofferdam Design 850
15.7 Design of Diaphragm Cofferdam Cell 853
15.8 Circular Cofferdam Design 857
15.9 Cloverleaf Cofferdam Design 864
Problems 865
16. Single Piles - Static Capacity and Lateral Loads; Pile/Pole Buckling 867
16.1 Introduction 867
16.2 Timber Piles 869
16.3 Concrete Piles 875
16.4 Steel Piles 880
16.5 Corrosion of Steel Piles 883
16.6 Soil Properties for Static Pile Capacity 883
16.7 Static Pile Capacity 885
16.8 Ultimate Static Pile Point Capacity 891
16.9 Pile Skin Resistance Capacity 898
16.10 Pile Settlements 907
16.11 Static Pile Capacity: Examples 909
16.12 Piles in Permafrost 921
16.13 Static Pile Capacity Using Load-transfer Load-test Data 925
16.14 Tension Piles - Piles for Resisting Uplift 928
16.15 Laterally Loaded Piles 929
16.16 Laterally Loaded Pile Examples 948
16.17 Buckling of Fully and Partially Embedded Piles and Poles 953
Problems 963
17. Single Piles: Dynamic Analysis, Load Tests 968
17.1 Dynamic Analysis 968
17.2 Pile Driving 968
17.3 The Rational Pile Formula 973
17.4 Other Dynamic Formulas and General Considerations 978
17.5 Reliability of Dynamic Pile-driving Formulas 985
17.6 The Wave Equation 986
17.7 Pile-load Tests 996
17.8 Pile-driving Stresses 999
17.9 General Comments on Pile Driving 1003
Problems 1004
18. Pile Foundations: Groups 1006
18.1 Single Piles versus Pile Groups 1006
18.2 Vertically Loaded Pile Groups 1006
18.3 Efficiency of Pile Groups 1008
18.4 Stresses on Underlying Strata from Piles 1011
18.5 Settlements of Pile Groups 1019
18.6 Pile Caps 1027
18.7 Batter Piles 1029
18.8 Negative Skin Friction 1029
18.9 Laterally Loaded Pile Groups 1035
18.10 Matrix Analysis for Pile Groups 1040
18.11 Pile Cap Design by Computer 1051
Problems 1053
19. Drilled Piers or Caissons 1055
19.1 Introduction 1055
19.2 Current Construction Methods 1055
19.3 When to Use Drilled Piers 1062
19.4 Other Practical Considerations for Drilled Piers 1063
19.5 Capacity Analysis of Drilled Piers 1065
19.6 Settlements of Drilled Piers 1072
19.7 Structural Design of Drilled Piers 1075
19.8 Drilled Pier Design Examples 1076
19.9 Laterally Loaded Drilled Pier Analysis 1081
19.10 Drilled Pier Inspection and Load Testing 1086
Problems 1087
20. Design of Foundations for Vibration Controls 1090
20.1 Introduction 1090
20.2 Elements of Vibration Theory 1090
20.3 The General Case of a Vibrating Base 1096
20.4 Soil Springs and Damping Constants 1098
20.5 Soil Properties for Dynamic Base Design 1104
20.6 Unbalanced Machine Forces 1111
20.7 Dynamic Base Example 1114
20.8 Coupled Vibrations 1120
20.9 Embedment Effects on Dynamic Base Response 1123
20.10 General Considerations in Designing Dynamic Bases 1125
20.11 Pile-supported Dynamic Foundations 1126
Problems 1133
Appendix A: General Pile-data and Pile Hammer Tables 1135
A.1 HP Pile Dimensions and Section Properties 1136
A.2 Typical Pile-driving Hammers from Various Sources 1137
A.3 Steel Sheetpiling Sections Produced in the United States 1139
A.4 Typical Available Steel Pipe Sections Used for Piles and Caisson Shells 1141
A.5 Typical Prestressed-concrete Pile Sections - Both Solid and Hollow-core (HC) 1143
References 1144
Author Index 1165
Index 1169