000			11302nam a2200421 a 4500
003			AR-sfUTN
008			170717s1999 ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
020			_a0780334272
040			_cAR-sfUTN
041			_aeng
080			_a621.316.92 AN24 _22000
100	1		_aAnderson, Paul M. _95907
245	1	0	_aPower system protection / _cPaul M. Anderson.
260			_aNew York : _bInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, _c1999
300			_a1305 p.
336			_2rdacontent _atexto _btxt
337			_2rdamedia _asin mediación _bn
338			_2rdacarrier _avolumen _bnc
490			_aIEEE Press power engineering series
500			_aIncluye CD-ROM, NºI RE0360
505	8	0	_aCONTENIDO List of Symbols xxv PART I PROTECTIVE DEVICES AND CONTROLS 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Power System Protection 3 1.2 Prevention and Control of System Failure 4 1.3 Protective System Design Considerations 8 1.4 Definitions Used In System Protection 9 1.5 System Disturbances 11 1.6 The Book Contents 12 References 14 Problems 14 Chapter 2 Protection Measurements and Controls 17 2.1 Graphic Symbols and Device Identification 17 2.2 Typical Relay Connections 18 2.3 Circuit Breaker Control Circuits 21 2.4 Instrument Transformers 23 2.5 Relay Control Configurations 34 2.6 Optical Communications 36 References 39 Problems 40 Chapter 3 Protective Device Characteristics 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Fuse Characteristics 44 3.3 Relay Characteristics 56 3.4 Power Circuit Breakers 77 3.5 Automatic Circuit Reclosers 84 3.6 Automatic Line Sectionalizers 89 3.7 Circuit Swithchers 90 3.8 Digital Fault Recorders 91 References 93 Problems 95 Chapter 4 Relay Logic 97 4.1 Introduction 97 4.2 Electromechanical Relay Logic 98 4.3 Electronic Logic Circuits 99 4.4 Analog Relay Logic 112 4.5 Digital Relay Logic 115 4.6 Hybrid Relay Logic 126 4.7 Relays as Comparators 127 References 139 Problems 143 Chapter 5 System Characteristics 147 5.1 Power System Faults 147 5.2 Station Arrangements 160 5.3 Line Impedances 167 5.4 Computation of Available Fault Current 168 5.5 System Equivalent for Protection Studies 172 5.6 The Compensation Theorem 186 5.7 Compensation Applications In Fault Studies 189 References 193 Problems 194 PART II PROTECTION CONCEPTS 199 Chapter 6 Fault Protection of Redial Line 201 6.1 Radial Distribution Systems 201 6.2 Radial Distribution Coordination 202 6.3 Radial Line Fault Current Calculations 207 6.4 Radial System Protective Strategy 218 6.5 Coordination of Protective Devices 220 6.6 Relay Coordination on Radial Lines 225 References 240 Problems 240 Chapter 7 Introduction to Transmission Protection 249 7.1 Introduction 249 7.2 Protection with Overcurrent Relays 250 7.3 Distance Protection of Lines 257 7.4 Unit Protection 268 7.5 Ground Fault Protection 270 7.6 Summary 277 References 278 Problems 278 Chapter 8 Complex Loci in the Z and Y Planes 283 8.1 The Inverse Z Transformation 284 8.2 Line and Circle Mapping 286 8.3 The Complex Equation of a Line 293 8.4 The Complex Equation of a Circle 294 8.5 Inversion of an Arbitrary Admittance 296 8.6 Inversion of a Straight Line Through (1.0) 299 8.7 Inversion of an Arbitrary Straight Line 301 8.8 Inversion of a Circle with Center at (1,0) 302 8.9 Inversion of a Arbitrary Circle 304 8.10 Summary of Line and Circle Inversions 307 8.11 Angle Preservation in Conformal Mapping 307 8.12 Orthogonal Trajectories 308 8.13 Impedance at the Relay 312 References 314 Problems 314 Chapter 9 Impedance at the Relay 317 9.1 The Relay Impedance, Z(R) 317 9.2 Protection Equivalent M Parameters 319 9.3 The Circle Loci Z 322 9.4 Z(R) Loci Construction 323 9.5 Relay Apparent Impedance 329 9.6 Relay Impedance for a Special Case 336 9.7 Construction of M Circles 340 9.8 Phase Comparison Apparent Impedance 344 References 349 Problems 350 Chapter 10 Admittance at the Relay 355 10.1 Admittance Diagrams 355 10.2 Input Admittance Loci 356 10.3 The Relay Admittance Characteristics 359 10.4 Parallel Transmission Lines 364 10.5 Typical Admittance Plane Characteristics 368 10.6 Summary of admittance Characteristics 371 Problems 372 PART III TRANSMISSION PROTECTION 377 Chapter 11 Analysis of Distance Protection 379 11.1 Introduction 379 11.2 Analysis of Transmission Line Faults 380 11.3 Impedance at the Relay 394 11.4 Distance Relay Settings 406 11.5 Ground Distance Protection 410 11.6 Distance Relay Coordination 412 References 414 Problems 415 Chapter 12 Transmission Line Mutual Induction 419 12.1 Introduction 419 12.2 Line Impedances 420 12.3 Effect of Mutual Coupling 430 12.4 Short Transmission Line Equivalents 437 12.5 Long Transmission Lines 445 12.6 Long Transmission Line Equivalents 453 12.7 Solution of the Long-Line Case 461 References 465 Problems 466 Chapter 13 Pilot Protection Systems 469 13.1 Introduction 470 13.2 Physical Systems for Pilot Protection 472 13.3 Non-Unit Pilot Protection Schemes 482 13.4 Unit Protection Pilot Schemes 499 13.5 An Example of Extra High Voltage Line Protection 509 13.6 Pilot Protection Settings 515 13.7 Traveling Wave Relays 522 13.8 Monitoring of Pilot Performance 525 References 527 Problems 529 Chapter 14 Complex Transmission Protection 531 14.1 Introduction 531 14.2 Single-Phase Switching of EHV Lines 531 14.3 Protection of Multiterminal Lines 539 14.4 Protection of Mutually Coupled Lines 547 References 570 Problems 572 Chapter 15 Series-Compensated Line Protection 575 15.1 Introduction 575 15.2 Faults with Unbypassed Series Capacitors 578 15.3 Series Capacitor Bank Protection 590 15.4 Relay Problem due to Compensation 611 15.5 Protection of Series Compensated Lines 632 15.6 Line Protection Experience 635 References 638 Problems 640 PART IV APPARATUS PROTECTION 643 Chapter 16 Bus Protection 645 16.1 Introduction 645 16.2 Bus Faults 646 16.3 Bus Protection Requirements 647 16.4 Bus Protection by Backup Line Relays 648 16.5 Bus Differential Protection 649 16.6 Other Types of Bus Protection 663 16.7 Auxiliary Tripping Relays 669 16.8 Summary 670 References 670 Problems 671 Chapter 17 Transformer and Reactor Protection 673 17.1 Introduction 673 17.2 Transformer Faults 674 17.3 Magnetizing Inrush 681 17.4 Protection Against Incipient Faults 684 17.5 Protection against Active Faults 687 17.6 Combined Line and Transformer Schemes 697 17.7 Regulating Transformer Protection 699 17.8 Shunt Reactor Protection 700 17.9 Static VAR Compensator Protection 704 References 708 Problems 709 Chapter 18 Generator Protection 713 18.1 Introduction 713 18.2 Types of Generator Protection 714 18.3 Stator Protection 715 18.4 Rotor Protection 728 18.5 Loss of Excitation Protection 732 18.6 Other Generator Protection Systems 737 18.7 Summary of Generator Protection 740 References 745 Problems 746 Chapter 19 Motor Protection 751 19.1 Introduction 751 19.2 Induction Motor Analysis 752 19.3 Induction Motor Heating 769 19.4 Motor Problems 782 19.5 Classifications of Motors 788 19.6 Stator Protection 790 19.7 Rotor Protection 796 19.8 Other Motor Protections 797 19.9 Summary of Large Motor Protections 798 References 799 Problems 801 PART V SYSTEM ASPECTS OF PROTECTION 805 Chapter 20 Protection Against Abnormal System Frequency 807 20.1 Abnormal Frequency Operation 807 20.2 Effects of Frequency on the Generator 808 20.3 Frequency Effects on the Turbine 810 20.4 A System Frequency Response Model 813 20.5 Off Normal Frequency Protection 831 20.6 Steam Turbine Frequency Protection 832 20.7 Underfrequency Protection 834 References 847 Problems 850 Chapter 21 Protective Schemes for Stability Enhancement 853 21.1 Introduction 853 21.2 Review of Stability Fundamentals 853 21.3 System Transient Behavior 862 21.4 Automatic Reclosing 873 21.5 Loss of Synchronization Protection 894 21.6 Special Protection Schemes 902 21.7 Summary 909 References 909 Problems 911 Chapter 22 HVDC Protection 913 22.1 Introduction 913 22.2 DC Conversion Fundamentals 913 22.3 Converter Station Design 929 22.4 AC Side Protection 936 22.5 DC Side Protection Overview 938 22.6 Special HVDC Protections 948 22.7 HVDC Protection Settings 951 22.8 Summary 952 References 952 Problems 953 Chapter 23 SSR Protection 955 23.1 Introduction 955 23.2 SSR Overview 955 23.3 SSR System Countermeasures 963 23.4 SSR Unit Countermeasures 969 23.5 Summary 992 References 993 Problems 998 PART VI RELIABILITY OF PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS 1001 Chapter 24 Basic Reliability Concepts 1003 24.1 Introduction 1003 24.2 Probability Fundamentals 1004 24.3 Random Variables 1010 24.4 Failure Definitions and Failure Modes 1026 24.5 Reliability Models 1028 References 1040 Problems 1040 Chapter 25 Reliability Analysis 1043 25.1 Reliability Block Diagrams 1043 25.2 Fault Trees 1052 25.3 Reliability Evaluation 1064 25.4 Other Analytical Methods 1071 25.5 State Space and Markov Processes 1079 References 1087 Problems 1088 Chapter 26 Reliability Concepts in System Protection 1093 26.1 Introduction 1093 26.2 System Disturbances Models 1093 26.3 Time-Independent Reliability Models 1104 26.4 Time-Dependent Reliability Models 1142 References 1152 Problems 1153 Chapter 27 Fault Tree Analysis Protective Systems 1157 27.1 Introduction 1157 27.2 Fault Tree-Analysis 1158 27.3 Analysis of Transmission Protection 1169 27.4 Fault Tree Evaluation 1193 References 1201 Problems 1201 Chapter 28 Markov Modeling of Protective Systems 1205 28.1 Introduction 1205 28.2 Testing of Protective Systems 1206 28.3 Modeling of Inspected Systems 1211 28.4 Monitoring and Self Testing 1226 28.5 The Unreadiness Probability 1230 28.6 Protection Abnormal Unavailability 1233 28.7 Evaluation of Safeguard Systems 1241 References 1245 Problems 1247 APPENDICES 1249 Appendix A Protection Terminology 1249 A.1 Protection Terms and Definitions 1249 A.2 Relay Terms and Definitions 1250 A.3 Classification of Relay Systems 1253 A.4 Circuit Breaker Terms and Definitions 1255 Appendix B Protective Device Classification 1259 Appendix C Overhead Line Impedances 1271 Appendix D Transformer Data 1283 Appendix E 500kV Transmission Line Data 1287 E.1 Tower Design 1287 E.2 Unit Length Electrical Characteristics 1288 E.3 Total Line Impedence and Admittance 1288 E.4 Nominal Pi 1289 E.5 ABCD Parameters 1289 E.6 Equivalent Pi 1289 E.7 Surge Impedance Loading 1292 E.8 Normalization 1292 E.9 Line Ratings and Operating Limits 1293 References 1293 Index 1295 About the Author 1307
650			_aPROTECTIVE DEVICES AND CONTROLS
650			_aRELAY LOGIC
650			_aFAULT PROTECTION
650			_aRADIAL LINES
650			_aINVERSE Z TRANSFORMATION
650			_aTRANSMISION LINE
650			_aAPPARATUS PROTECTION
650			_aPROTECCION DE SISTEMAS DE ENERGIA ELECTRICA
650			_aRELES ELECTRICOS
650			_aELECTRICIDAD-DISPOSITIVOS DE DISTRIBUCION
650			_aSISTEMAS ELECTRICOS DE POTENCIA-PROTECCION
650			_aSOBRECARGA
650			_aSOBRETENSION
942			_cBK _2udc
999			_c12659 _d12659