Telecommunications and data communications handbook / Ray Horak.

CONTENIDO
1 FUNDAMENTALS OF THE TECHNOLOGY: CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS 1
1.1 Fundamental Definitions / 2
1.2 Dedicated, Switched, and Virtual Circuits / 5
1.2.1 Dedicated Circuits / 6
1.2.2 Switched Circuits / 7
1.2.3 Virtual Circuits / 8
1.3 Two-Wire versus Four-Wire Circuits / 8
1.3.1 Two-Wire Circuits / 9
1.3.2 Four-Wire Circuits / 9
1.4 Bandwidth / 10
1.4.1 Carrier / 10
1.4.2 Hertz / 11
1.4.3 Baud / 11
1.4.4 Bits and Bytes per Second / 11
1.4.5 Narrowband, Wideband, and Broadband / 11
1.5 Analog versus Digital / 12
1.5.1 Analog Sine Waves: Staring Point / 13
1.5.2 Digital Bit Streams: Ones and Zeros / 15
1.5.3 Analog versus Digital Transmission / 16
1.6 Loading Coils, Amplifiers, and Repeaters / 18
1.6.1 Loading Coils / 19
1.6.2 Amplifiers (Analog) / 20
1.6.3 Repeaters (Digital) / 21
1.7 Conversion Process: Modems and Codecs / 22
1.7.1 Digital to Analog: Modems / 22
1.7.2 Analog to Digital: Codecs / 22
1.8 Multiplexers (Muxes) / 23
1.8.1 Frequency Division Multiplexing / 24
1.8.2 Time Division Multiplexing / 25
1.8.3 Statistical Time Division Multiplexing / 26
1.8.4 Wavelength Division Multiplexing / 27
1.8.5 Inverse Multiplexers / 27
1.8.6 Data over Voice and Voice over Data / 28
1.9 Switches and Switching: The Basics . . . and Then Some / 29
1.9.1 Circuit Switching: Optimized for Voice / 29
1.9.2 Packet Switching: Optimized for Data / 33
1.9.3 Frame Switching: Optimized for LAN Internetworking / 34
1.9.4 Cell Switching: Optimized for Everything / 34
1.9.5 Softswitches: Optimized for Flexibility / 35
1.9.6 Photonic Switches: Optimized for Optics / 35
2 FUNDAMENTALS OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 37
2.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum / 38
2.2 Transmission Media Selection Criteria / 42
2.2.1 Transmission Characteristics / 42
2.3 Twisted Pair: Introduction to Telephone Wire / 48
2.3.1 Twisting Process / 49
2.3.2 Gauge / 50
2.3.3 Configuration / 51
2.3.4 Bandwidth / 53
2.3.5 Error Performance / 53
2.3.6 Distance / 54
2.3.7 Security / 54
2.3.8 Cost / 54
2.3.9 Applications / 54
2.4 Shielded Copper / 55
2.5 Coaxial Cable / 57
2.5.1 Configuration / 58
2.5.2 Gauge / 58
2.5.3 Bandwidth / 58
2.5.4 Error Performance / 59
2.5.5 Distance / 59
2.5.6 Security / 59
2.5.7 Cost / 59
2.5.8 Applications / 60
2.6 Microwave Radio / 60
2.6.1 Configuration / 63
2.6.2 Bandwidth / 64
2.6.3 Error Performance / 64
2.6.4 Distance / 65
2.6.5 Security / 65
2.6.6 Cost / 65
2.6.7 Regulation / 65
2.6.8 Applications / 66
2.7 Satellite Radio / 66
2.7.1 Uplinks and Downlinks / 69
2.7.2 Footprints / 70
2.7.3 Configuration / 70
2.7.4 Very Small Aperture Terminals / 71
2.7.5 Bandwidth / 72
2.7.6 Error Performance / 72
2.7.7 Distance / 72
2.7.8 Propagation Delay and Response Time / 73
2.7.9 Access Control / 74
2.8 Free Space Optics 75
2.9 Fiber Optics / 77
2.9.1 Wavelengths and Windows / 78
2.9.2 Configuration / 79
2.9.3 Bandwidth / 93
2.9.4 Error Performance / 94
2.9.5 Distance / 94
2.9.6 Security / 94
2.9.7 Cost / 95
2.9.8 Durability / 95
2.9.9 Applications: Bandwidth Intensive / 95
2.10 Powerline Carrier / 96
2.10.1 Access BPL / 96
2.10.2 In-House BPL / 97
2.10.3 Interference and Other Issues / 97
2.11 Hybrid Transmission Systems / 98
3 VOICE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS: KTS, PBX, CENTREX, AND ACD 101
3.1 Key Telephone Systems / 103
3.2 Private Branch Exchanges / 108
3.2.1 PBX Components / 108
3.2.2 System Configuration and Capacity / 118
3.2.3 PBX Enhancements and Trends / 122
3.3 Centrex / 126
3.3.1 Features / 127
3.3.2 Advantages / 128
3.3.3 Disadvantages / 129
3.3.4 Customer Premises Equipment / 130
3.3.5 Applications / 130
3.3.6 Trends and Futures / 131
3.4 Automatic Call Distributors / 131
3.4.1 Benefits / 133
3.4.2 Enhancements and Trends / 134
3.5 Computer Telephony / 137
3.5.1 Technology, Standards, and Specifications / 139
3.6 IP Systems / 141
3.7 Futures / 152
4 MESSAGING SYSTEMS 154
4.1 Facsimile (Fax) Systems / 156
4.1.1 Technology Basics / 157
4.1.2 Compression / 158
4.1.3 Computerized Fax / 160
4.1.4 Fax-On-Demand / 162
4.1.5 Conventional Fax Standards / 162
4.1.6 Fax over Internet Protocol / 163
4.1.7 Fax Features / 166
4.1.8 Fax Applications / 168
4.1.9 Future of Fax / 168
4.2 Voice Processing Systems / 168
4.2.1 Technology / 169
4.2.2 Applications / 170
4.2.3 Voice Processing Developments and Futures / 176
4.3 Electronic Mail (E-Mail) / 177
4.3.1 Technology / 179
4.3.2 Protocols / 180
4.3.3 Features / 184
4.3.4 Internet E-mail in Practice / 185
4.3.5 Applications / 187
4.3.6 Spam and Freedom of Speech / 187
4.3.7 Scams and Frauds and Viruses . . . and the List Goes On / 188
4.4 Instant Messaging / 189
4.4.1 Features / 190
4.4.2 Standards and Interconnectivity / 192
4.5 Mobile Messaging: SMS and MMS / 193
4.5.1 Short Message Service / 194
4.5.2 Multimedia Messaging Service / 195
4.6 Unified Messaging and Unified Communications / 196
5 PUBLIC SWITCHED TELEPHONE NETWORK 200
5.1 Network Characteristics / 203
5.1.1 Voice (Primarily) / 203
5.1.2 Switched (and Dedicated) / 204
5.1.3 Analog (and Digital) / 204
5.1.4 Interconnected / 205
5.1.5 Wired (and Wireless / 205
5.2 Numbering Plan Administration/ 206
5.3 Domains / 209
5.3.1 Functional Domains / 210
5.3.2 Regulatory Domains / 215
5.3.3 Rates and Tariffs / 217
5.3.4 Carrier Domains and Network Topology / 219
5.4 Signaling and Control: Expanded View / 228
5.4.1 In-Band Signaling and Control / 229
5.4.2 Out-of-Band Signaling and Control / 230
5.4.3 Common Channel Signaling and Control / 230
5.5 Network Services / 231
5.5.1 Access Services / 231
5.5.2 Switched Transport Services / 233
5.5.3 Virtual Private Network Services / 236
5.5.4 Value-Added Services / 237
5.6 Portability: A Special Issue / 237
5.7 Equal Access: Another Special Issue 239
5.8 VoIP: Next-Generation PSTN / 240
6 FUNDAMENTALS OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS 247
6.1 Functional Domains / 249
6.1.1 Data Terminal Equipment / 249
6.1.2 Data Communications Equipment / 250
6.1.3 Communications Software / 251
6.1.4 Networks / 251
6.1.5 Switches / 251
6.2 DCE: Expanded View / 252
6.2.1 Modems / 252
6.2.2 Codecs / 264
6.2.3 Terminal Adapters and NT-Xs / 264
6.2.4 Channel Service Units and Digital Service Units / 265
6.2.5 Front-End Processors / 266
6.3 Protocol Basics / 266
6.3.1 Line Set-Up: Connectivity / 267
6.3.2 Transmission Mode: Transmission Method / 270
6.3.3 Code Sets / 273
6.3.4 Data Format / 277
6.3.5 Error Control: Data Transmission Integrity / 279
6.3.6 Data Compression / 282
6.3.7 Asynchronous Data Link Control Protocols / 283
6.3.8 Bit- versus Byte-Oriented Synchronous Protocols / 283
6.4 Network Architectures / 286
6.4.1 System Network Architecture / 287
6.4.2 Open Systems Interconnection Model / 287
6.5 Security / 289
6.5.1 Physical Security / 290
6.5.2 Authentication / 290
6.5.3 Authorization / 291
6.5.4 Port Security / 291
6.5.5 Transmission Security / 291
6.5.6 Encryption / 291
6.5.7 Firewalls / 292
7 CONVENTIONAL DIGITAL AND DATA NETWORKS 294
7.1 Dataphone Digital Service / 298
7.2 Switched 56 / 300
7.3 Virtual Private Networks: In the Classic Sense / 301
7.4 Digital Carrier Systems and Networks / 302
7.4.1 T-Carrier Concept / 304
7.4.2 Channelized T1 / 305
7.4.3 Unchannelized T1 / 306
7.4.4 Encoding / 307
7.4.5 Framing / 311
7.4.6 Transmission / 313
7.4.7 Hardware / 315
7.4.8 Variations on the Theme / 317
7.4.9 T2 and Above: The Rest of the Hierarchy / 318
7.4.10 Fractional T1 / 321
7.4.11 Digital Carrier Applications / 322
7.5 X.25 and Packet Switching / 323
7.5.1 Concept of Packet Switching / 323
7.5.2 X.25 Protocol Suite / 325
7.5.3 Error Control / 327
7.5.4 Datagram Mode: Connectionless / 328
7.5.5 Virtual Circuits: Connection Oriented / 330
7.5.6 Protocol Conversion / 331
7.5.7 Latency / 332
7.5.8 Access / 332
7.6 Integrated Services Digital Network / 335
7.6.1 ISDN Devices and Reference Points / 338
7.6.2 Standard Interfaces and Channel Types / 340
7.6.3 Link Access Procedure - D Channel / 346
7.6.4 ISDN Characteristics and Benefits / 347
7.6.5 ISDN Characteristics and Drawbacks / 347
7.6.6 ISDN Standards / 348
7.6.7 ISDN Applications / 349
7.6.8 Variations on the Theme / 350
8 LOCAL AREA NETWORKS: CONNECTIVITY AND INTERNETWORKING 353
8.1 LANs Defined / 355
8.2 LAN Dimensions / 356
8.2.1 Transmission Media / 356
8.2.2 Topology: Physical and Logical Configurations / 363
8.2.3 Baseband versus Broadband / 366
8.2.4 Media Access Control / 368
8.3 LAN Equipment / 375
8.3.1 Network Interface Cards / 375
8.3.2 Bridges / 376
8.3.3 Hubs / 378
8.3.4 Switches / 380
8.3.5 Routers / 383
8.3.6 Gateways / 384
8.4 LAN Operating Systems / 385
8.5 Virtual LANs / 386
8.6 Remote LAN Access / 387
8.7 LAN Standards and Standards Bodies / 389
8.8 Life in the Fast LAN: The Need for Speed / 390
8.8.1 100Base-T, or Fast Ethernet / 391
8.8.2 Fiber Distributed Data Interface / 392
8.8.3 Gigabit Ethernet / 394
8.8.4 10-Gigabit Ethernet / 396
8.9 Wireless LANs / 397
8.9.1 IEEE 802.11 / 399
8.9.2 HiperLAN / 408
8.9.3 Bluetooth / 408
8.9.4 ZigBee / 411
8.9.5 Software-Defined Radio / 412
8.10 Minding Your Ps and Qs / 412
8.11 IEEE 1394 and FireWire / 413
8.12 Nonstandard LANs / 413
8.13 Broadband over Power Line / 414
8.14 Storage Area Networks / 415
9 BROADBAND NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE 421
9.1 Access Technologies / 423
9.1.1 Generic Digital Subscriber Line / 425
9.1.2 Community Antenna Television / 445
9.1.3 Wireless Local Loop / 451
9.1.4 Passive Optical Network / 463
9.1.5 Access Broadband over Power Line / 470
9.2 SONET/SDH / 473
9.2.1 SONET Standards Development / 475
9.2.2 SONET/SDH Transmission Hierarchy / 476
9.2.3 SONET/SDH Topology / 477
9.2.4 Paths, Tributaries, and Containers / 478
9.2.5 SONET Frame Format / 479
9.2.6 SONET/SDH Hardware / 481
9.2.7 SONET Advantages and Disadvantages / 483
9.2.8 SONET Applications / 484
9.2.9 Wavelength Division Multiplexing / 485
9.2.10 Packet over SONET / 488
9.3 IEEE 802.17, Resilient Packet Ring / 489
10 BROADBAND NETWORK SERVICES 495
10.1 Frame Relay / 496
10.1.1 Frame Relay Defined / 496
10.1.2 Frame Relay Standards / 498
10.1.3 Frame Relay Access / 499
10.1.4 Frame Relay Network / 500
10.1.5 Frame Relay Equipment / 502
10.1.6 Frame Relay Protocol: Frame Structure / 503
10.1.7 Local Management Interface Protocol / 505
10.1.8 Congestion Management / 505
10.1.9 How Frame Relay Networks Work / 508
10.1.10 Voice over Frame Relay / 509
10.1.11 Frame Relay Costs / 514
10.1.12 Frame Relay Attributes and Issues / 515
10.1.13 Frame Relay Applications / 517
10.2 Switched Multimegabit Data Service / 518
10.3 Asynchronous Transfer Mode / 519
10.3.1 ATM Defined / 520
10.3.2 ATM Standards / 521
10.3.3 ATM Access / 523
10.3.4 ATM Network and Equipment / 524
10.3.5 ATM Protocols and Cell Structure / 525
10.3.6 LAN Emulation / 535
10.3.7 MultiProtocol over ATM / 236
10.3.8 Frame-Based ATM Transport over Ethernet / 536
10.3.9 Framed ATM over SONET/SDH Transport / 537
10.3.10 ATM Attributes, Issues, and Applications / 537
10.4 Metropolitan Ethernet / 538
10.5 Broadband ISDN / 539
10.6 Advanced Intelligent Networks (AINs) / 541
11 WIRELESS NETWORKING: EMPHASIS ON MOBILITY 550
11.1 Wireless Defined / 552
11.2 Standards and Regulations / 552
11.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wireless / 553
11.4 Cell Concept: Frequency Reuse / 554
11.4.1 Cell Categories / 555
11.4.2 Cells, Vectors, and Beams / 557
11.5 Multiplexing and Access Techniques / 557
11.5.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access / 558
11.5.2 Time Division Multiple Access / 559
11.5.3 Code Division Multiple Access / 560
11.5.4 FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA Compared: It's Party Time! / 562
11.6 Specialized Mobile Radio / 563
11.7 Paging / 565
11.7.1 Paging Networks / 566
11.7.2 Paging Equipment / 567
11.7.3 Paging Applications: Contemporary and Developing / 568
11.8 Cordless Telephony and Wireless Office Telecommunications Systems / 569
11.9 Cellular Radio / 573
11.9.1 Cellular Standards / 574
11.9.2 Terminal Equipment / 587
11.9.3 Present and Future of Cellular Radio / 587
11.10 Packet Data Radio Networks / 591
11.11 Satellite Systems: LEOs, MEOs, and GEOs / 591
11.11.1 How LEOs Work: Iridium / 592
11.11.2 How LEOs Don't Work: Teledesic / 595
11.11.3 GEOs Work Too: Inmarsat / 596
11.12 And That's Not All / 596
12 VIDEO AND MULTIMEDIA NETWORKING 600
12.1 Video Communications: Defined and Evolved / 601
12.2 Video Basics / 603
12.3 Analog TV Standards / 604
12.4 Digital TV and High-Definition TV / 605
12.5 Bandwidth and Compression / 607
12.6 Video Standards / 609
12.6.1 P × 64 / 609
12.6.2 Joint Photographic Experts Group / 610
12.6.3 Moving Pictures Experts Group / 610
12.7 Internet Protocol TeleVision (IPTV) / 612
12.8 The H.320 Family of Multimedia Standards / 612
12.9 Session Initiation Protocol / 617
12.10 H.248: Media Gateway Control / 619
12.11 Videoconferencing Systems / 620
12.12 Videoconferencing Equipment / 621
12.13 WAN Videoconferencing Networks / 622
12.14 Video over IP / 623
12.15 Multimedia Conferencing 624
13 THE INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEB 629
13.1 The Internet Defined / 629
13.2 Internet Physical Topology / 631
13.3 Internet Access / 634
13.3.1 Dial-Up Access / 635
13.3.2 xDSL Access / 636
13.3.3 Cable Modem Access / 637
13.3.4 Satellite TV Access / 638
13.3.5 Dedicated Access / 638
13.3.6 Access Anywhere / 638
13.4 Internet Standards, Administration, and Regulation / 639
13.5 IP Addressing / 640
13.6 Domain Name System / 643
13.6.1 Unsponsored Domains / 643
13.6.2 Sponsored TLDs / 644
13.6.3 Country Codes / 645
13.6.4 Regional Country Codes / 646
13.6.5 Internet Registry / 646
13.6.6 Address Translation: Domain Name to IP Address and Vice Versa / 648
13.7 Internet Protocols / 649
13.7.1 TCP/IP / 650
13.8 Internet Applications / 667
13.8.1 E-Mail / 667
13.8.2 File Transfer / 667
13.8.3 Bulletin Board Systems / 668
13.8.4 Library Catalogs / 668
13.8.5 Real-Time Applications / 668
13.8.6 Financial Services / 668
13.8.7 Video / 669
13.8.8 Radio / 669
13.8.9 Internet Telephony / 669
13.10 Internet2 / 671
13.11 World Wide Web / 672
13.11.1 Websites and Home Pages / 673
13.11.2 Uniform Resource Locator / 673
13.11.3 Standards / 675
13.11.4 Applications / 675
13.11.5 Advertising: Home Page Sponsorship / 675
13.11.6 E-Commerce / 676
13.11.7 Search Mechanisms and Browsers / 677
13.11.8 Access Anywhere Revisited / 679
13.12 Intranets and Extranets / 680
13.13 Internet Security: A Special Issue / 681
13.13.1 Security Risks and Countermeasures / 681
13.13.2 Virtual Private Networks / 684
13.14 Misuse and Content / 687
13.15 Internet Oddities, Screwball Applications, and Some Really Good Ideas / 688
13.16 The Dark Side: An Editorial / 692
14 NETWORK CONVERGENCE 697
14.1 Convergence Defined / 700
14.1.1 Applications / 700
14.1.2 WAN Technologies / 700
14.1.3 LAN Technologies / 701
14.1.4 Terminal Technologies / 701
14.2 Driving Forces / 702
14.2.1 Deregulation and Competition / 702
14.3 Conventional Convergence: Wireline Networks / 706
14.4 The Race Is On: Mergers and Acquisitions (M
As) / 707
14.5 One Potato, Two Potato, Three Potatoe, Four . . . / 711
14.6 NexGen Convergence: Wireline and Wireless Networks / 713
15 REGULATION: ISSUES AND (SOME) ANSWERS 715
15.1 Telecommunications Act of 1996 / 716
15.1.1 Lines of Business / 719
15.1.2 Mergers and Acquisitions / 719
15.1.3 Rules and Implementation / 720
15.2 Rates and Tariffs / 727
15.3 The Internet / 727
15.4 Number Portability / 728
15.5 Laws and Sausages 728