Power systems analysis / Arthur R. Bergen, Vijay Vittal.

CONTENIDO
Preface xi
1.- Background 1
Introduction 1
Electric Energy 1
Fossil-Fuel Plant 5
Nuclear Power Plant 10
Hydroelectric Power Plant 11
Other Energy Sources 12
Transmission and Distribution Systems 13
The Deregulated Electric Power Industry 18
2.- Basic Principles 22
Introduction 22
Phasor Representation 22
Complex Power Supplied to a One-Port 23
Conservation of Complex Power 30
Balanced Three-Phase 35
Per Phase Analysis 43
Balanced Three-Phase Power 46
Summary 47
3.- Transmission-Line Parameters 53
Introduction 53
Review of Magnetics 54
Flux Linkages of Infinite Straight Wire 57
Flux Linkages; Many-Conductor Case 60
Conductor Bundling 64
Transposition 67
Impedance of Three Phase Lines Including Ground Return 71
Review of Electric Fields 75
Line Capacitance 76
Determination of Line Parameters Using Tables 81
Typical Parameter Values 84
Summary 85
4.- Transmission-Line Modeling 90
Introduction 90
Derivation of Terminal V, I Relations 90
Waves on Transmission Lines 97
Transmission Matrix 98
Lumped-Circuit Equivalent 99
Simplified Models 101
Complex Power Transmission (Short Line) 103
Complex Power Transmission (Radial Line) 110
Complex Power Transmission (Long or Medium Lines) 112
Power-Handling Capability of Lines 113
Summary 116
5.- Transformer Modeling And The Per Unit System 127
Introduction 127
Single-Phase Transformer Model 127
Three-Phase Transformer connections 136
Per Phase Analysis 142
Normal Systems 150
Per Unit Normalization 157
Per Unit Three-Phase Quantities 160
Change of Base 163
Per Unit Analysis of Normal System 164
Regulating Transformers for Voltage and Phase Angle Control 170
Autotransformers 175
Transmission Line and Transformers 177
Summary 179
6.- Generator Modeling I (Machine Viewpoint) 187
Introduction 187
Classical Machine Description 187
Voltage Generation 189
Open-Circuit Voltage 190
Armature Reaction 193
Terminal Voltage 196
Power Delivered by Generator 205
Synchronizing Generator to an Infinite Bus 208
Synchronous Condensor211
Role of Synchronous Machine Excitation in Controlling Reactive Power 211
Summary 212
7. Generator Modelling II (Circuit Viewpoint) 215
Introduction 215
Energy Conversion 215
Application to Synchronous Machine 221
The Park Transformation 226
Park's Voltage Equation 229
Park's Mechanical Equation 231
Circuit Model 232
Instantaneous Power Output 235
Applications 235
Synchronous Operation 250
Steady-State Model 255
Simplified Dynamic Model 256
Generator Connected to Infinite Bus (Linear Model) 265
Summary 269
8.- Voltage Control System 273
Introduction 273
Exciter System Block Diagram 274
Generator Models 277
Stability of Excitation System 280
Voltage Regulation 281
Generator Connected to Infinite Bus 284
Summary 292
9.- Network Matrices 294
Introduction 294
Bus Admittance Matrix 294
Network Solution 303
Network Reduction (Kron Reduction) 309
YBUS Structure and Manipulation 311
Bus Impedance Matrix 311
Inverse Elements to Determine Columns of ZBUS 317
Summary 319
10.- Power Flow Analysis 323
Introduction 323
Power Flow Equations 325
The Power Flow Problem 327
Solution by Gauss Iteration 330
More General Iteration Scheme 336
Newton-Raphson Iteration 339
Application to Power Flow Equations 343
Decoupled Power Flow 352
Control Implications 356
Regulating Transformers in Powers Flow 360
Power Flow Solutions for Large Power Systems Analysis 364
Summary 366
11.- Automatic Generation Control And The New Market Environment 375
Introduction 375
Power Control System Modeling 377
Application to Single Machine-Infinite Bus System 384
Simplified Analysis of Power Control System 385
Power Control, Multigenerator case 388
Special Case: Two Generating Units 391
Division of Power Into Control Areas 395
Formulation of the Economic Dispatch Problem 400
Classical Economic Dispatch (Line Losses Neglected) 405
Generator Limits Included 411
Line Losses Considered 416
Calculation of Penalty Factors 421
Economic Issues and Mechanisms in the New Market Environment 429
Transmission Issues and Effects in the New Market Environment 433
Summary 441
12.- Unbalanced System Operation 445
Introduction 445
Symmetrical Components 446
Use of Symmetrical Components for Fault Analysis 451
Sequence Network Connections for Different Types of Faults 455
More General Fault Circuit Analysis 461
Power from Sequence Variables 462
Sequence Representation of Y and Delta Connected Circuit 463
Generator Models for Sequence Networks 466
Transformer Models for Sequence Networks 469
Sequence Representation of Transmission Lines 471
Assembly of Sequence Networks 475
Fault Analysis for Realistic Power System Model 477
Matrix Methods 482
Summary 486
13.- System Protection 495
Introduction 495
Protection of Radial Systems 497
System with Two Sources 504
Impedance (Distance) Relays 508
Modified Impedance Relays 512
Differential Protection of Generators 514
Differential Protection of Transformers 516
Differential Protection of Buses and Lines 518
Overlapping Zones of Protection 519
Sequence Filters 520
Computer Relaying 522
Summary 525
14.- Power System Stability 528
Introduction 528
Model 529
Energy Balance 532
Linearization of Swing Equation 536
Solution of Nonlinear Swing Equation 538
Other Applications 549
Extension to Two-Machine Case 554
Multimachine Application 556
Multimachine Stability Studies 563
Summary 575
APPENDICES 580
Appendix 1:Reluctance 580
Appendix 2:Force Generation in a Solenoid 581
Appendix 3:Method of Lagrange Multipliers 584
Appendix 4:Root-Locus Method 586
Appendix 5:Negative- and Zero-Sequence Impedances of synchronous Machines 593
Appendix 6:Inversion Formula 599
Appendix 7:Modification of Impedance Matrices 601
Appendix 8:Data for Transmission Line Parameters 605
Selected Bibliography 612
Index 614