Contaminated rivers : a geomorphological-geochemical approach to site assessment and remediation / Jerry Russell Miller, Suzanne M. Orbock Miller.

CONTENIDO
1. Contaminated Rivers: An Overview 1
Introduction 1
Types of Contaminants 3
Organic Contaminants 3
Inorganic Contaminants 8
National Assessments of River Health 11
The National Water Quality Inventory 12
The National Sediment Quality Survey 14
The National Water-Quality Assessment Program 17
Sources of Contamination 18
The Dissolved Versus Particulate Load 21
Site Characterization, Assessment, and Remediation 23
The Geomorphological-Geochemical Approach 27
2. Sediment-Trace Metal Interactions 33
Introduction 33
Physical Partitioning of Trace Metals in Sediment 34
Chemical Partitioning of Trace Elements in Sediment 39
Mechanistic Associations 39
Chemically Reactive Substrates 53
Elemental Speciation 60
Chemical Remobilization 63
3. Basin Processes 69
Introduction 69
Hillslope Hydrology 70
Direct Runoff Generation 70
Flood Hydrographs 76
Contaminant Transport Pathways 80
The Controlling Factors 80
Transport via Hortonian Overland Flow 84
Mapping Spatial Variations in Metal Sources 85
Hillslope Erosion 88
Basic Mechanics 88
Measurement of Erosion Rates 89
Prediction of Erosion Rates 91
4. The Water Column - Concentration and Load 103
Introduction 103
Temporal Variations in Concentration 104
Dissolved Constituents 104
Particulate and Particulate-Borne Contaminant Concentrations 113
Sediment and Contaminant Loads 118
Load Estimation 118
The Effective Transporting Discharge 123
5. The Channel Bed - Contaminant Transport and Storage 127
Introduction 127
Sediment Transport 128
Modes of Transport 128
Channelized Flow 129
Entrainment 132
Processes of Contaminant Dispersal 136
Hydraulic Sorting 136
Dilution and Exchange with the Floodplain 138
Sediment Storage and Exchange Mechanisms 140
Geochemical Processes and Biological Uptake 142
Downstream Patterns 144
Impoundment Failures 148
Deposition and Storage along a Reach 151
Channel Patterns 152
Trace Metal Partitioning Mechanisms 162
Implications to Sampling 168
Physical and Mathematical Manipulations 170
Temporal Variations in Concentration 173
6. Floodplains 177
Introduction 177
Floodplains: Definition 178
The Formative Processes 180
Floodplain Sediments 185
Floodplain Deposits 187
Trace Metal Storage and Distribution 193
Grain Size Variations 196
Residence Time and Deposit Age 198
Sediment Mixing and Homogenization 200
Post-Depositional Processes 200
Overbank Sediments 202
Depositional Rates and Patterns 203
Geographical Patterns in Contaminant Concentrations 209
Documenting Pollution Histories 214
Sediment and Contaminant Source Determination 219
Non-point Source Multivariate Fingerprinting Methods 220
Isotopic Tracing Methods 222
Physical Remobilization 227
Bank Erosion Processes 228
7. River Metamorphosis 235
Introduction 235
The Balanced Condition 235
Thresholds, Complex Response, and Process Linkages 241
Adjustments in Channel Gradient, Shape, and Pattern 248
Effects of River Metamorphosis 252
Terraces 254
Definition and Formative Processes 254
Trace Metal Distributions 258
Quantifying Extent and Magnitude of Contamination 262
8. Remediation and Remediation Standards 271
Introduction 271
Setting Remediation Standards 273
Background Concentrations 276
Health and Risk Based Standards 282
Prioritizing Cleanup 285
9. Ex Situ Remediation and Channel Restoration 289
Introduction 289
Ex Situ Remediation Techniques 291
Excavation 292
Dredging 294
Ex Situ Treatments 302
Dewatering and Particle Separation 303
Soil Washing 305
Other Treatment Alternatives 308
River Restoration and Rehabilitation 310
Goals and Objectives 310
Channel Reconstruction 313
In-stream Structures, Bank Protection, and Habitat Formation 317
10. In Situ Remediation 327
Introduction 327
In Situ Extraction 328
Soil Flushing 328
Electrokinetic Separation 330
Phytoremediation 334
In Situ Containment 338
In Situ (Subaqueous) Capping 338
Soil and Sediment Capping 341
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization 342
Phytostabilization and Immobilization 343
Monitored Natural Recovery 346
Apendix A. Dating Techniques 351
Introduction 351
Short-Lived Radionuclides (Pb-210 and Cs-137) 352
Radiocarbon (C-14) 357
Luminescence Techniques (TL, IRSL, and OSL) 358
Marker Beds (Tephra, Trace Metals) 359
Dendrochronology 361
Apendix B. Unit Conversions and Elemental Data 365
References 359
Glossary 399
Credits 495
Index 413