Contaminated rivers : a geomorphological-geochemical approach to site assessment and remediation /
Jerry Russell Miller, Suzanne M. Orbock Miller.
- Dordrecht : Springer, 2007
- 418 p.
CONTENIDO 1. Contaminated Rivers: An Overview 1 Introduction 1 Types of Contaminants 3 Organic Contaminants 3 Inorganic Contaminants 8 National Assessments of River Health 11 The National Water Quality Inventory 12 The National Sediment Quality Survey 14 The National Water-Quality Assessment Program 17 Sources of Contamination 18 The Dissolved Versus Particulate Load 21 Site Characterization, Assessment, and Remediation 23 The Geomorphological-Geochemical Approach 27 2. Sediment-Trace Metal Interactions 33 Introduction 33 Physical Partitioning of Trace Metals in Sediment 34 Chemical Partitioning of Trace Elements in Sediment 39 Mechanistic Associations 39 Chemically Reactive Substrates 53 Elemental Speciation 60 Chemical Remobilization 63 3. Basin Processes 69 Introduction 69 Hillslope Hydrology 70 Direct Runoff Generation 70 Flood Hydrographs 76 Contaminant Transport Pathways 80 The Controlling Factors 80 Transport via Hortonian Overland Flow 84 Mapping Spatial Variations in Metal Sources 85 Hillslope Erosion 88 Basic Mechanics 88 Measurement of Erosion Rates 89 Prediction of Erosion Rates 91 4. The Water Column - Concentration and Load 103 Introduction 103 Temporal Variations in Concentration 104 Dissolved Constituents 104 Particulate and Particulate-Borne Contaminant Concentrations 113 Sediment and Contaminant Loads 118 Load Estimation 118 The Effective Transporting Discharge 123 5. The Channel Bed - Contaminant Transport and Storage 127 Introduction 127 Sediment Transport 128 Modes of Transport 128 Channelized Flow 129 Entrainment 132 Processes of Contaminant Dispersal 136 Hydraulic Sorting 136 Dilution and Exchange with the Floodplain 138 Sediment Storage and Exchange Mechanisms 140 Geochemical Processes and Biological Uptake 142 Downstream Patterns 144 Impoundment Failures 148 Deposition and Storage along a Reach 151 Channel Patterns 152 Trace Metal Partitioning Mechanisms 162 Implications to Sampling 168 Physical and Mathematical Manipulations 170 Temporal Variations in Concentration 173 6. Floodplains 177 Introduction 177 Floodplains: Definition 178 The Formative Processes 180 Floodplain Sediments 185 Floodplain Deposits 187 Trace Metal Storage and Distribution 193 Grain Size Variations 196 Residence Time and Deposit Age 198 Sediment Mixing and Homogenization 200 Post-Depositional Processes 200 Overbank Sediments 202 Depositional Rates and Patterns 203 Geographical Patterns in Contaminant Concentrations 209 Documenting Pollution Histories 214 Sediment and Contaminant Source Determination 219 Non-point Source Multivariate Fingerprinting Methods 220 Isotopic Tracing Methods 222 Physical Remobilization 227 Bank Erosion Processes 228 7. River Metamorphosis 235 Introduction 235 The Balanced Condition 235 Thresholds, Complex Response, and Process Linkages 241 Adjustments in Channel Gradient, Shape, and Pattern 248 Effects of River Metamorphosis 252 Terraces 254 Definition and Formative Processes 254 Trace Metal Distributions 258 Quantifying Extent and Magnitude of Contamination 262 8. Remediation and Remediation Standards 271 Introduction 271 Setting Remediation Standards 273 Background Concentrations 276 Health and Risk Based Standards 282 Prioritizing Cleanup 285 9. Ex Situ Remediation and Channel Restoration 289 Introduction 289 Ex Situ Remediation Techniques 291 Excavation 292 Dredging 294 Ex Situ Treatments 302 Dewatering and Particle Separation 303 Soil Washing 305 Other Treatment Alternatives 308 River Restoration and Rehabilitation 310 Goals and Objectives 310 Channel Reconstruction 313 In-stream Structures, Bank Protection, and Habitat Formation 317 10. In Situ Remediation 327 Introduction 327 In Situ Extraction 328 Soil Flushing 328 Electrokinetic Separation 330 Phytoremediation 334 In Situ Containment 338 In Situ (Subaqueous) Capping 338 Soil and Sediment Capping 341 In Situ Solidification and Stabilization 342 Phytostabilization and Immobilization 343 Monitored Natural Recovery 346 Apendix A. Dating Techniques 351 Introduction 351 Short-Lived Radionuclides (Pb-210 and Cs-137) 352 Radiocarbon (C-14) 357 Luminescence Techniques (TL, IRSL, and OSL) 358 Marker Beds (Tephra, Trace Metals) 359 Dendrochronology 361 Apendix B. Unit Conversions and Elemental Data 365 References 359 Glossary 399 Credits 495 Index 413
9781402052866
FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY HEAVY METAL POLLUTION REMEDIATION RIVER RESTORATION SITE ASSESSMENT GEOCHEMISTRY GEOGRAPHY GEOLOGY HYDROGEOLOGY CONTAMINATED RIVERS SEDIMENTS-TRACE METAL INTERACTIONS RIVER METAMORPHOSIS FLOODPLAINS OVERBANK SEDIMENTS