TY - BOOK AU - Reed,Richard J. TI - North American combustion handbook : : a practical basic reference on the art and science of industrial heating with gaseous and liquid fuels. SN - 0960159630 PY - 1997/// CY - Cleveland PB - North American Manufacturing Company KW - FUEL-BURNING EQUIPMENT KW - BURNER COMPONENTS KW - GAS BURNERS KW - LIQUID FUELS KW - COMBINATION GAS KW - OIL BURNERS KW - COMBUSTION CONTROL KW - COMBUSTION SYSTEMS KW - HEAT RECOVERY KW - PROCESS CONTROL OPTIMIZATION KW - POLLUTION CONTROL KW - NOISE MINIMIZATION KW - OXYGEN ENRICHMENT KW - OXY-FUEL FIRING N1 - Contiene: Combustion equipment, controls, systems, heat recovery, process control optimization, pollution reduction, noise minimization, oxygen enrichment and oxy-fuel firing; CONTENIDO Part 6. FUEL-BURNING EQUIPMENT Introduction 1 Purposes of a fuel-burning system 1 Primary functions of a Burneo 1 Solid fuel-burning equipment 1 Burner Characteristics 3 Flame shape 3 Combustion volume 6 Stability 6 Drive 8 Turndown 8 Burner Components 10 Gas Burners 12 Premix gas burners 12 Nozzle mixing gas burners 16 Delayed mixing gas burners 24 Gas burners with Integral Heat Recovery Devices 27 Burners for Liquid Fuels 29 Low pressure air atomizing oil burners 29 High pressure air or steam atomizing oil burners 30 Oil pressure atomizing burners 32 Centrífugal atomizing (rotary) burners 32 Sonic and ultrasonic atomizers 32 Combination Gas and Oil Burners 33 General-purpose dual-fuel burners 33 Modern special purpose burners 35 Burners for use with preheated air 35 References and Additional Sources 42 Part 7. COMBUSTION CONTROL Control Valves 43 Sliding plug valves 44 Rotary plug valves 45 Butterfly valves 46 Air/Fuel Ratio Controls 46 Area control of air/fuel ratio 46 Pressure balanced control of air/fuel ratio 49 Flow control of air/fuel ratio 53 Pressure controls 58 Pressure regulators 58 Pressure controllers 58 Automatic furnace pressure controls 58 Complete Combustion Controls 69 Combustion Supervising Controls 72 Automatic fuel shutoff valves 72 Supervising valve system 75 Flame monitoring devices 75 Pilots and direct electric igniters 76 Burner management systems 78 References and Additional Sources 82 Part 8. COMBUSTION SYSTEMS Burner Installations 83 Refractory tiles 83 Observation ports 86 General Piping Practice 86 Burner piping 86 Fuel lines 87 Air lines 87 Manifolds 87 Piping 88 Unions, flanges, couplings 90 Oil Handling Systems 91 Oil piping recommendations 92 Oil storage tanks 92 Main oil circulating loop 94 Branch circuits for light oil 99 Branch (booster) circuits for heavy oil 101 Large oil systems 104 Ratio Control Systems 104 Air/gas ratio control systems 106 Air/oil ratio control systems 108 Ratio control systems for use with preheated air 108 Ratio control systems for use with oxygen enrichment 108 Air/fuel ratio control systems for multiple fuels 111 Orifice Balancing and Metering Systems 111 Typical Piping Arrangements 114 References and Additional Sources 116 Part 9. HEAT RECOVERY Introduction 117 Duct and pipe sizes for hot fluids 117 Pumping power 118 Condensation 119 Reduced cleanup costs 120 Preheating the Load 120 Generating Steam, Heating Water or Makeup Air 121 Preheating Combustion Air 122 Benefits 122 Air/fuel ratio control 127 Recuperators 129 Parallel flow vs. counterflow 129 Integral air-preheater/burners 133 Regenerators 133 Oxygen enrichment and oxy-fuel 137 References and Additional Sources 138 Part 10. PROCESS CONTROL OPTIMIZATION Introduction 141 Basic Process Control 141 PID Tuning 142 Ultimate period method 142 Process reaction curve method 143 Further tuning 145 Advanced Process Control 145 Digital era 145 Cascade control 147 Programmable logic controllers 148 Distributed control systems 148 Personal computers 149 Features of Advanced Control 149 Integrated Process Control 151 Implementation 152 Additional Sources 152 Part 11. POLLUTION CONTROL Reduction of NOx Pollution from Industrial Combustion 153 Trace Species Reporting 153 Trace measurement units 153 Correction for dilution of concentration measurements 153 Implementation standards, units 155 NOx Emissions 157 Why NOx emissions are a problem 157 Mechanisms of NOx formation 158 Low NOx combustion 161 Low NOx strategies and equipment 163 Modification of operating conditions 163 Modification of combustion system 164 Modification of burner internals 167 Post combustion cleanup 169 On-going NOx reduction 169 Carbon Monoxide (CO), Unburned Hydrocarbons, VOCs 170 Why CO and other unburned hydrocarbons are problems 170 Limiting CO and other unburned hydrocarbon emissions 171 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions 171 Why sulfur oxides emissions are a problem 171 Particulate Emissions 172 Why particulate emissions are a problem 172 Causes of soot formation 172 References and Additional Sources 175 Part 12. NOISE MINIMIZATION Fundamentals of Sound 177 Frequency 177 Effects of Noise on Humans 179 Community response to noise 184 Liability for noise reduction 185 The Physics and Math of Sound 185 Sound power 187 dBA 188 Sound propagation and sound measurements 189 Noise Control 189 Moving the noise source 189 Absorbing noise 190 BIocking the noise source 195 Reducing the noise source 196 Reducing exposure time 197 Noise Sources in Combustion Systems 198 Fan or bIower noise 198 Piping system noise 199 Air and gas jet noise 202 Combustion Noise 203 Predicting Sound Power Levels of Burners 207 References and Additional Sources 210 Part 13. OXYGEN ENRICHMENT AND OXY-FUEL FIRING Oxygen sources 212 Bulk liquid supply system 212 Adsorption systems 212 Membrane system 213 Calculating equivalent pure oxygen 213 Effects of Oxygen on Combustion 214 Available heat and fuel savings 218 Flame temperature. flammability limits. flame speed 222 NOx emissions 227 Methods for Combustion with Oxygen 229 Direct oxygen enrichment of combustion air 229 Oxygen lancing 231 Oxy-fuel burners 231 Suggested modes of operation 232 Applications and Economics 234 Productivity improvement 234 Fuel savings 236 Economics 239 Summary 240 References and Additional Sources 241 APPENDIX -- List of tables and graphs 245 GLOSSARY -- definitions, abbreviations, acronyms, Greek letters, symbols, and references 363 INDEX 430 ER -