TY - BOOK AU - Roess,Roger P. AU - McShane,William R. AU - Prassas, Elena S. TI - Traffic engineering / SN - 0134613368 PY - 1998/// CY - Upper Saddle River, New Jersey PB - Prentice-Hall KW - TRAFFIC ENGINEERING KW - INGENIERIA DEL TRAFICO KW - TRAFFIC STREAM KW - TRAFFIC CONTROL KW - TRAFFIC SIMULATION N1 - CONTENIDO 1 Introduction to Traffic Engineering and Its Scope 1 Elements of Traffic Engineering and of This Text 2 The Transportation System 2 ISTEA 8 Environmental Requirements 9 Ethical Aspects of Impact Work 10 Responsibility and Liability in Traffic Engineering 11 Standard References for the Traffic Engineer 12 Sources on the Internet 13 A Comment on English vs. Standard International (Metric) Units 13 Summary 14 2 Emerging Issues and Trends in Traffic Engineering 17 Intelligent Transportation Systems 18 Preserving the Function of the Facility 27 Access Management 32 Attention to Intermodal Emphasis 36 Performance Measures 36 Mobility and Congestion 37 Trends in Population and Transportation Location 37 Metrication 37 Summary 37 3 Traffic Stream Components and Characteristics 41 Road User Characteristics 42 Vehicle Characteristics 46 Geometric Characteristics of Roadways 55 Traffic Control Devices 60 Traffic Streams 60 Traffic-Stream Parameters 61 Characteristics of Uninterrupted Flow 68 Characteristics of Interrupted Flow 69 4 Traffic Studies: Introduction and Overview 72 Modern Technology 73 Data Fusion 74 Performance Assessment 75 Classical Studies 78 Special Studies 78 Managing the System: Inventories 79 Observance Studies 83 Basic Principles of Probability and Statistics 84 Applications 88 Summary 88 5 Statistics and Applications in Traffic Engineering 90 Some Basic Principles 91 Common Estimators 99 Confidence Bounds 99 Estimating Sample Sizes 100 The Concept of Hypothesis Testing 102 Before and After Tests with Generalized Alternative Hypothesis 105 A Hypothesis on the Underlying Distribution f(x) 108 Application: Discharge Rates at a Signalized Intersection 112 Additional Statistical Tests 114 Summary 118 6 Volume Studies and Characteristics 121 Volume and Demand 122 Volume and Other Stream Flow Parameters 125 Temporal and Spatial Variation of Volume 125 Data Collection Techniques and Technology 130 Intersection Volume Studies 133 Small-Network Volume Studies 135 State Programs to Estimate AADT and VMT 141 Origins and Destinations 145 Cordon and Screenline Studies 147 Summary 148 7 Speed, Travel Time, and Delay Studies 152 Presentations for Areas and Facilities 152 The Basic Measurement 154 Spot Speed Studies 157 Travel Time Studies 168 Intersection Delay Studies 173 Summary 175 8 Accident Studies 181 Approaches to Highway Safety 182 Accident Data Collection and Record Systems 184 Accident Statistics: Providing Systematic Insight 188 Site Analysis 194 9 Traffic Capacity Analysis Concepts 206 Capacity 207 Level of Service 210 Adjusting Capacity and Service Flow Rate to Reflect Prevailing Conditions 212 Summary 216 10 Highway Capacity Analysis of Multilane, Uninterrupted Flow Facilities 218 Basic Characteristics of Multilane Flow 220 Estimating Free-Flow Speed 227 Computational Procedures 231 Applications of the Computational Methodology 239 The HCS Package 245 11 Areas of Concentrated Turbulence on Uninterrupted Flow Facilities: Weaving, Merging, and Diverging 249 Analysis of Weaving Areas 250 Analysis of Ramps and Ramp Terminals 265 HCS Software 279 Procedure Sources 279 12 Calibrating Relationships for Freeway Analysis 282 Calibrating Basic Speed-Flow-Density Relationships 282 Finding Capacity and Defining Level of Service from Basic Speed- Flow-Density Curves 288 Studies for the 1997 HCM Update 294 Calibration of Adjustment Factors for Freeway Capacity Analysis 298 Adjustment Factors to Free-Flow Speed 304 Calibration of Procedures for Weaving and Ramp Analysis 305 Summary 305 13 Analysis of Two-Lane Rural Highways 309 Design Standards 309 Passing on Two-Lane Rural Highways: A Unique Operational Feature 310 Capacity Analysis Procedures for Two-Lane Highways 311 Summary 332 14 Traffic Control Devices 334 The Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices 334 Communicating with the Driver 336 Traffic Markings 337 Traffic Signs 344 Traffic Signals 358 Traffic Signal Hardware and Street Display 364 Summary and Conclusion 374 15 Introduction to Intersection Control 376 Hierarchy of Intersection Control 376 Assessing the Viability of Basic Rules-of-the-Road 378 Assessing the Need for Signalization: Warrants 381 Stop and Yield Control 393 Summary 397 16 Basic Principles of Intersection Signalization 401 Terms and Definitions 401 Four Basic Mechanisms 403 Summary 423 17 Fundamentals of Signal Design and Timing 429 Signal Phasing and the Development of Phase Plans 429 Some Important Details of Intersection Signalization 440 Simple Signal Timing: Getting Started 451 Summary 461 18 Analysis of Signalized Intersections 466 Conceptual Framework for the 1994 HCM Method 467 The 1994 HCM Model 472 Sample Problem 1: With Full Details 512 Sample Problem 2: Looking at Alternatives 523 The 1997 HCM: Revisions and Updates 530 19 Actuated Signals and Detection 542 Actuated Control and Controllers 542 Detection for Actuated Signalization 543 Actuated Control Features and Operation 543 Signal Timing Parameters and Detector Placement 546 Pedestrian Requirements 547 An Example: Semi-Actuated Control 548 An Example: Full-Actuated Control 551 Summary 554 20 Calibration of Parameters for Movement Analysis 557 Saturation Flow Rates 558 Lost Times 561 Adjustment Factors 562 Normalizing Signalized-Intersection Analysis 568 The Delay Equation 568 21 Techniques for Addressing Freeway System Congestion 572 Freeway Entrance-Ramp Control 572 Incidents and Capacity Reductions 575 Congestion Due to a Bottleneck 579 Cumulative Demand and Capacity 583 22 Signal Coordination for Progressive and Congested Conditions 592 Factors Affecting Coordination 592 The Time-Space Diagram and Ideal Offsets 596 Signal Progression on One-Way Streets 597 The Special Problem of Progressions on Two-Way Streets and in Networks 601 The Bandwidth Concept and Maximum Bandwidth 604 Forward and Reverse Progressions 610 Effective Progressions on Two-Way Streets 611 Insights from the Importance of Signal Spacing and Cycle Length 614 Oversaturated Traffic 617 Signal Remedies 618 Nonsignal Remedies: Some Considerations 623 Summary 623 23 Computer Traffic Signal Control Systems for Arterials and Networks 632 Basic Principles and Flow of Information 632 Issues Influencing the Evolution of Computer Control Systems 636 General Description of the Control System 638 Communications 639 A Current Issue: Decentralization 640 Toronto and Other Early Projects 641 UTCS, the Urban Traffic Control System 645 Projects Throughout the World 647 Summary 649 24 Arterial Design and Management 653 Kramer's Concept of an Ideal Suburban Arterial 653 Arterial Performance 654 The Through Vehicle Is the Measure 655 Signal Spacing in a Planning Context 656 An Overall Approach to Arterial Management 658 Access Management 665 One-Way Streets and Networks 667 Special-Use Lanes and Streets 668 Goods Activity on Arterials 670 Transit Vehicles on Urban Streets 672 Special Signalization Issues 678 HCM Procedure for Arterials 682 Summary 688 25 Traffic Simulation: Principles and Tools 695 Basics of Simulation 696 Issues in Traffic Simulation 698 A Set of Traffic Models 700 TRAF-NETSIM 700 Visualization Packages 701 FRESIM 701 Specifying Tomorrow's Traffic Simulation Model 701 Summary 705 ER -