North American combustion handbook : a practical basic reference on the art and science of industrial heating with gaseous and liquid fuels. volume II, Combustion equipment, control, systems, heat recovery, process control optimization, pollution reduction, noise minimization, oxygen enrichment, and oxy-fuel firing / [Richard J. Reed].

Contiene: Combustion equipment, controls, systems, heat recovery, process control optimization, pollution reduction, noise minimization, oxygen enrichment and oxy-fuel firing

CONTENIDO
Part 6. FUEL-BURNING EQUIPMENT
Introduction 1
Purposes of a fuel-burning system 1
Primary functions of a Burneo 1
Solid fuel-burning equipment 1
Burner Characteristics 3
Flame shape 3
Combustion volume 6
Stability 6
Drive 8
Turndown 8
Burner Components 10
Gas Burners 12
Premix gas burners 12
Nozzle mixing gas burners 16
Delayed mixing gas burners 24
Gas burners with Integral Heat Recovery Devices 27
Burners for Liquid Fuels 29
Low pressure air atomizing oil burners 29
High pressure air or steam atomizing oil burners 30
Oil pressure atomizing burners 32
Centrífugal atomizing (rotary) burners 32
Sonic and ultrasonic atomizers 32
Combination Gas and Oil Burners 33
General-purpose dual-fuel burners 33
Modern special purpose burners 35
Burners for use with preheated air 35
References and Additional Sources 42
Part 7. COMBUSTION CONTROL
Control Valves 43
Sliding plug valves 44
Rotary plug valves 45
Butterfly valves 46
Air/Fuel Ratio Controls 46
Area control of air/fuel ratio 46
Pressure balanced control of air/fuel ratio 49
Flow control of air/fuel ratio 53
Pressure controls 58
Pressure regulators 58
Pressure controllers 58
Automatic furnace pressure controls 58
Complete Combustion Controls 69
Combustion Supervising Controls 72
Automatic fuel shutoff valves 72
Supervising valve system 75
Flame monitoring devices 75
Pilots and direct electric igniters 76
Burner management systems 78
References and Additional Sources 82
Part 8. COMBUSTION SYSTEMS
Burner Installations 83
Refractory tiles 83
Observation ports 86
General Piping Practice 86
Burner piping 86
Fuel lines 87
Air lines 87
Manifolds 87
Piping 88
Unions, flanges, couplings 90
Oil Handling Systems 91
Oil piping recommendations 92
Oil storage tanks 92
Main oil circulating loop 94
Branch circuits for light oil 99
Branch (booster) circuits for heavy oil 101
Large oil systems 104
Ratio Control Systems 104
Air/gas ratio control systems 106
Air/oil ratio control systems 108
Ratio control systems for use with preheated air 108
Ratio control systems for use with oxygen enrichment 108
Air/fuel ratio control systems for multiple fuels 111
Orifice Balancing and Metering Systems 111
Typical Piping Arrangements 114
References and Additional Sources 116
Part 9. HEAT RECOVERY
Introduction 117
Duct and pipe sizes for hot fluids 117
Pumping power 118
Condensation 119
Reduced cleanup costs 120
Preheating the Load 120
Generating Steam, Heating Water or Makeup Air 121
Preheating Combustion Air 122
Benefits 122
Air/fuel ratio control 127
Recuperators 129
Parallel flow vs. counterflow 129
Integral air-preheater/burners 133
Regenerators 133
Oxygen enrichment and oxy-fuel 137
References and Additional Sources 138
Part 10. PROCESS CONTROL OPTIMIZATION
Introduction 141
Basic Process Control 141
PID Tuning 142
Ultimate period method 142
Process reaction curve method 143
Further tuning 145
Advanced Process Control 145
Digital era 145
Cascade control 147
Programmable logic controllers 148
Distributed control systems 148
Personal computers 149
Features of Advanced Control 149
Integrated Process Control 151
Implementation 152
Additional Sources 152
Part 11. POLLUTION CONTROL
Reduction of NOx Pollution from Industrial Combustion 153
Trace Species Reporting 153
Trace measurement units 153
Correction for dilution of concentration measurements 153
Implementation standards, units 155
NOx Emissions 157
Why NOx emissions are a problem 157
Mechanisms of NOx formation 158
Low NOx combustion 161
Low NOx strategies and equipment 163
Modification of operating conditions 163
Modification of combustion system 164
Modification of burner internals 167
Post combustion cleanup 169
On-going NOx reduction 169
Carbon Monoxide (CO), Unburned Hydrocarbons, VOCs 170
Why CO and other unburned hydrocarbons are problems 170
Limiting CO and other unburned hydrocarbon emissions 171
Sulfur Dioxide Emissions 171
Why sulfur oxides emissions are a problem 171
Particulate Emissions 172
Why particulate emissions are a problem 172
Causes of soot formation 172
References and Additional Sources 175
Part 12. NOISE MINIMIZATION
Fundamentals of Sound 177
Frequency 177
Effects of Noise on Humans 179
Community response to noise 184
Liability for noise reduction 185
The Physics and Math of Sound 185
Sound power 187
dBA 188
Sound propagation and sound measurements 189
Noise Control 189
Moving the noise source 189
Absorbing noise 190
BIocking the noise source 195
Reducing the noise source 196
Reducing exposure time 197
Noise Sources in Combustion Systems 198
Fan or bIower noise 198
Piping system noise 199
Air and gas jet noise 202
Combustion Noise 203
Predicting Sound Power Levels of Burners 207
References and Additional Sources 210
Part 13. OXYGEN ENRICHMENT AND OXY-FUEL FIRING
Oxygen sources 212
Bulk liquid supply system 212
Adsorption systems 212
Membrane system 213
Calculating equivalent pure oxygen 213
Effects of Oxygen on Combustion 214
Available heat and fuel savings 218
Flame temperature. flammability limits. flame speed 222
NOx emissions 227
Methods for Combustion with Oxygen 229
Direct oxygen enrichment of combustion air 229
Oxygen lancing 231
Oxy-fuel burners 231
Suggested modes of operation 232
Applications and Economics 234
Productivity improvement 234
Fuel savings 236
Economics 239
Summary 240
References and Additional Sources 241
APPENDIX -- List of tables and graphs 245
GLOSSARY -- definitions, abbreviations, acronyms, Greek letters, symbols, and references 363
INDEX 430