Power system protection / Paul M. Anderson.

Incluye CD-ROM, NºI RE0360

CONTENIDO
List of Symbols xxv
PART I PROTECTIVE DEVICES AND CONTROLS 1
Chapter 1 Introduction 3
1.1 Power System Protection 3
1.2 Prevention and Control of System Failure 4
1.3 Protective System Design Considerations 8
1.4 Definitions Used In System Protection 9
1.5 System Disturbances 11
1.6 The Book Contents 12
References 14
Problems 14
Chapter 2 Protection Measurements and Controls 17
2.1 Graphic Symbols and Device Identification 17
2.2 Typical Relay Connections 18
2.3 Circuit Breaker Control Circuits 21
2.4 Instrument Transformers 23
2.5 Relay Control Configurations 34
2.6 Optical Communications 36
References 39
Problems 40
Chapter 3 Protective Device Characteristics 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Fuse Characteristics 44
3.3 Relay Characteristics 56
3.4 Power Circuit Breakers 77
3.5 Automatic Circuit Reclosers 84
3.6 Automatic Line Sectionalizers 89
3.7 Circuit Swithchers 90
3.8 Digital Fault Recorders 91
References 93
Problems 95
Chapter 4 Relay Logic 97
4.1 Introduction 97
4.2 Electromechanical Relay Logic 98
4.3 Electronic Logic Circuits 99
4.4 Analog Relay Logic 112
4.5 Digital Relay Logic 115
4.6 Hybrid Relay Logic 126
4.7 Relays as Comparators 127
References 139
Problems 143
Chapter 5 System Characteristics 147
5.1 Power System Faults 147
5.2 Station Arrangements 160
5.3 Line Impedances 167
5.4 Computation of Available Fault Current 168
5.5 System Equivalent for Protection Studies 172
5.6 The Compensation Theorem 186
5.7 Compensation Applications In Fault Studies 189
References 193
Problems 194
PART II PROTECTION CONCEPTS 199
Chapter 6 Fault Protection of Redial Line 201
6.1 Radial Distribution Systems 201
6.2 Radial Distribution Coordination 202
6.3 Radial Line Fault Current Calculations 207
6.4 Radial System Protective Strategy 218
6.5 Coordination of Protective Devices 220
6.6 Relay Coordination on Radial Lines 225
References 240
Problems 240
Chapter 7 Introduction to Transmission Protection 249
7.1 Introduction 249
7.2 Protection with Overcurrent Relays 250
7.3 Distance Protection of Lines 257
7.4 Unit Protection 268
7.5 Ground Fault Protection 270
7.6 Summary 277
References 278
Problems 278
Chapter 8 Complex Loci in the Z and Y Planes 283
8.1 The Inverse Z Transformation 284
8.2 Line and Circle Mapping 286
8.3 The Complex Equation of a Line 293
8.4 The Complex Equation of a Circle 294
8.5 Inversion of an Arbitrary Admittance 296
8.6 Inversion of a Straight Line Through (1.0) 299
8.7 Inversion of an Arbitrary Straight Line 301
8.8 Inversion of a Circle with Center at (1,0) 302
8.9 Inversion of a Arbitrary Circle 304
8.10 Summary of Line and Circle Inversions 307
8.11 Angle Preservation in Conformal Mapping 307
8.12 Orthogonal Trajectories 308
8.13 Impedance at the Relay 312
References 314
Problems 314
Chapter 9 Impedance at the Relay 317
9.1 The Relay Impedance, Z(R) 317
9.2 Protection Equivalent M Parameters 319
9.3 The Circle Loci Z 322
9.4 Z(R) Loci Construction 323
9.5 Relay Apparent Impedance 329
9.6 Relay Impedance for a Special Case 336
9.7 Construction of M Circles 340
9.8 Phase Comparison Apparent Impedance 344
References 349
Problems 350
Chapter 10 Admittance at the Relay 355
10.1 Admittance Diagrams 355
10.2 Input Admittance Loci 356
10.3 The Relay Admittance Characteristics 359
10.4 Parallel Transmission Lines 364
10.5 Typical Admittance Plane Characteristics 368
10.6 Summary of admittance Characteristics 371
Problems 372
PART III TRANSMISSION PROTECTION 377
Chapter 11 Analysis of Distance Protection 379
11.1 Introduction 379
11.2 Analysis of Transmission Line Faults 380
11.3 Impedance at the Relay 394
11.4 Distance Relay Settings 406
11.5 Ground Distance Protection 410
11.6 Distance Relay Coordination 412
References 414
Problems 415
Chapter 12 Transmission Line Mutual Induction 419
12.1 Introduction 419
12.2 Line Impedances 420
12.3 Effect of Mutual Coupling 430
12.4 Short Transmission Line Equivalents 437
12.5 Long Transmission Lines 445
12.6 Long Transmission Line Equivalents 453
12.7 Solution of the Long-Line Case 461
References 465
Problems 466
Chapter 13 Pilot Protection Systems 469
13.1 Introduction 470
13.2 Physical Systems for Pilot Protection 472
13.3 Non-Unit Pilot Protection Schemes 482
13.4 Unit Protection Pilot Schemes 499
13.5 An Example of Extra High Voltage Line Protection 509
13.6 Pilot Protection Settings 515
13.7 Traveling Wave Relays 522
13.8 Monitoring of Pilot Performance 525
References 527
Problems 529
Chapter 14 Complex Transmission Protection 531
14.1 Introduction 531
14.2 Single-Phase Switching of EHV Lines 531
14.3 Protection of Multiterminal Lines 539
14.4 Protection of Mutually Coupled Lines 547
References 570
Problems 572
Chapter 15 Series-Compensated Line Protection 575
15.1 Introduction 575
15.2 Faults with Unbypassed Series Capacitors 578
15.3 Series Capacitor Bank Protection 590
15.4 Relay Problem due to Compensation 611
15.5 Protection of Series Compensated Lines 632
15.6 Line Protection Experience 635
References 638
Problems 640
PART IV APPARATUS PROTECTION 643
Chapter 16 Bus Protection 645
16.1 Introduction 645
16.2 Bus Faults 646
16.3 Bus Protection Requirements 647
16.4 Bus Protection by Backup Line Relays 648
16.5 Bus Differential Protection 649
16.6 Other Types of Bus Protection 663
16.7 Auxiliary Tripping Relays 669
16.8 Summary 670
References 670
Problems 671
Chapter 17 Transformer and Reactor Protection 673
17.1 Introduction 673
17.2 Transformer Faults 674
17.3 Magnetizing Inrush 681
17.4 Protection Against Incipient Faults 684
17.5 Protection against Active Faults 687
17.6 Combined Line and Transformer Schemes 697
17.7 Regulating Transformer Protection 699
17.8 Shunt Reactor Protection 700
17.9 Static VAR Compensator Protection 704
References 708
Problems 709
Chapter 18 Generator Protection 713
18.1 Introduction 713
18.2 Types of Generator Protection 714
18.3 Stator Protection 715
18.4 Rotor Protection 728
18.5 Loss of Excitation Protection 732
18.6 Other Generator Protection Systems 737
18.7 Summary of Generator Protection 740
References 745
Problems 746
Chapter 19 Motor Protection 751
19.1 Introduction 751
19.2 Induction Motor Analysis 752
19.3 Induction Motor Heating 769
19.4 Motor Problems 782
19.5 Classifications of Motors 788
19.6 Stator Protection 790
19.7 Rotor Protection 796
19.8 Other Motor Protections 797
19.9 Summary of Large Motor Protections 798
References 799
Problems 801
PART V SYSTEM ASPECTS OF PROTECTION 805
Chapter 20 Protection Against Abnormal System Frequency 807
20.1 Abnormal Frequency Operation 807
20.2 Effects of Frequency on the Generator 808
20.3 Frequency Effects on the Turbine 810
20.4 A System Frequency Response Model 813
20.5 Off Normal Frequency Protection 831
20.6 Steam Turbine Frequency Protection 832
20.7 Underfrequency Protection 834
References 847
Problems 850
Chapter 21 Protective Schemes for Stability Enhancement 853
21.1 Introduction 853
21.2 Review of Stability Fundamentals 853
21.3 System Transient Behavior 862
21.4 Automatic Reclosing 873
21.5 Loss of Synchronization Protection 894
21.6 Special Protection Schemes 902
21.7 Summary 909
References 909
Problems 911
Chapter 22 HVDC Protection 913
22.1 Introduction 913
22.2 DC Conversion Fundamentals 913
22.3 Converter Station Design 929
22.4 AC Side Protection 936
22.5 DC Side Protection Overview 938
22.6 Special HVDC Protections 948
22.7 HVDC Protection Settings 951
22.8 Summary 952
References 952
Problems 953
Chapter 23 SSR Protection 955
23.1 Introduction 955
23.2 SSR Overview 955
23.3 SSR System Countermeasures 963
23.4 SSR Unit Countermeasures 969
23.5 Summary 992
References 993
Problems 998
PART VI RELIABILITY OF PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS 1001
Chapter 24 Basic Reliability Concepts 1003
24.1 Introduction 1003
24.2 Probability Fundamentals 1004
24.3 Random Variables 1010
24.4 Failure Definitions and Failure Modes 1026
24.5 Reliability Models 1028
References 1040
Problems 1040
Chapter 25 Reliability Analysis 1043
25.1 Reliability Block Diagrams 1043
25.2 Fault Trees 1052
25.3 Reliability Evaluation 1064
25.4 Other Analytical Methods 1071
25.5 State Space and Markov Processes 1079
References 1087
Problems 1088
Chapter 26 Reliability Concepts in System Protection 1093
26.1 Introduction 1093
26.2 System Disturbances Models 1093
26.3 Time-Independent Reliability Models 1104
26.4 Time-Dependent Reliability Models 1142
References 1152
Problems 1153
Chapter 27 Fault Tree Analysis Protective Systems 1157
27.1 Introduction 1157
27.2 Fault Tree-Analysis 1158
27.3 Analysis of Transmission Protection 1169
27.4 Fault Tree Evaluation 1193
References 1201
Problems 1201
Chapter 28 Markov Modeling of Protective Systems 1205
28.1 Introduction 1205
28.2 Testing of Protective Systems 1206
28.3 Modeling of Inspected Systems 1211
28.4 Monitoring and Self Testing 1226
28.5 The Unreadiness Probability 1230
28.6 Protection Abnormal Unavailability 1233
28.7 Evaluation of Safeguard Systems 1241
References 1245
Problems 1247
APPENDICES 1249
Appendix A Protection Terminology 1249
A.1 Protection Terms and Definitions 1249
A.2 Relay Terms and Definitions 1250
A.3 Classification of Relay Systems 1253
A.4 Circuit Breaker Terms and Definitions 1255
Appendix B Protective Device Classification 1259
Appendix C Overhead Line Impedances 1271
Appendix D Transformer Data 1283
Appendix E 500kV Transmission Line Data 1287
E.1 Tower Design 1287
E.2 Unit Length Electrical Characteristics 1288
E.3 Total Line Impedence and Admittance 1288
E.4 Nominal Pi 1289
E.5 ABCD Parameters 1289
E.6 Equivalent Pi 1289
E.7 Surge Impedance Loading 1292
E.8 Normalization 1292
E.9 Line Ratings and Operating Limits 1293
References 1293
Index 1295
About the Author 1307