Internetwork mobility : the CDPD approach / Mark S. Taylor, William Waung, Mohsen Banan.

CONTENIDO
Preliminaries 1
P.1 Basic Data Communication Model 1
P.2 Variations on a Theme 2
P.3 The Communications Channel 4
P.4 Channel Characteristics 5
P.5 Communication Protocols 6
P.6 Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Protocols 8
P.7 The OSI Reference Model 9
P.7.1 Layer 1 - The Physical Layer 11
P.7.2 Layer 2 - The Data Link Layer 11
P.7.3 Layer 3 - The Network Layer 14
P.7.4 Layer 4 - The Transport Layer 16
P.7.5 Layer 5 - The Session Layer 17
P.7.6 Layer 6 - The Presentation Layer 17
P.7.7 Layer 7 - The Application Layer 18
P.8 Protocols, Primitives, Services 18
P.9 Protocol and Service Data Units 19
P.10 Mobile Data Communications Entities 21
P.11 Summary 22
1 Introduction to Mobility 23
1.1 What is Mobility? 23
1.2 Basic Approaches to Mobility 24
1.2.1 Approach 1: Application Awareness 24
1.2.2 Approach 2: Directory Lookup 26
1.2.3 Approach 3: Mailbox Service 28
1.2.4 Approach 4: Administrative Redirection 29
1.3 Aspects of Mobile Communications 31
1.3.1 Mobile Network Access 31
1.3.2 Mobility Management 32
1.4 The Essential Challenge of Mobility Management 32
1.4.1 Knowing Where the Mobile is 32
1.4.2 Routing Data to the Mobile 33
1.5 Mobility Management is a Network Layer Function 34
1.5.1 Network Layer Addresses 34
1.5.2 Network Topology Changes 35
1.5.3 Routing Table Updates 36
1.6 Mobility Management Schemes 37
1.6.1 Permanent Address Scheme (PAS) 37
1.6.2 Temporary Address Scheme (TAS) 39
1.6.3 Embedded Network Scheme (ENS) 40
1.7 Steps in the Mobility Management Process 43
1.7.1 Registration 44
1.7.2 Usage 44
1.7.3 De-registration 44
1.8 A Simple Taxonomy of Mobility 44
1.8.1 Type 0 Mobility: Stationarity 46
1.8.2 Type 1 Mobility: Location Independence 46
1.8.3 Type 2 Mobility: Transience 47
1.9 Range of Mobility 47
1.9.1 Channel 48
1.9.2 Cell 48
1.9.3 Mobility Area 49
1.9.4 Administrative Domain 49
1.10 Mobility is not Wirelessness 50
1.10.1 Wireless Considerations 51
1.11 Challenges of Mobility 52
1.11.1 Geography vs. Network Topology 52
1.11.2 Part-time Destinations 53
1.11.3 Moving Targets 54
1.11.4 Application Transparency 54
1.11.5 Name-to-Address Mapping 56
1.11.6 Security 56
1.11.7 Scale 56
1.12 Summary 57
2 Introduction to Cellular Systems 59
2.1 The Ubiquity of Cellular 59
2.2 Radio Channels 61
2.3 The Cellular Concept 62
2.4 Cell Handoff 65
2.5 Cellular Channel Quality 67
2.6 Power Control 68
2.7 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) 69
2.7.1 AMPS Channels 70
2.7.2 Roaming 71
2.7.3 AMPS Cellular Operation 72
2.7.4 AMPS Mobile Call Origination 73
2.7.5 AMPS Mobile Call Termination 73
2.7.6 AMPS Radio Resource Management (RRM) 74
2.7.7 AMPS Mobility Management 75
2.8 Data Transmission via AMPS 76
2.9 Digital Cellular Technologies 78
2.10 Europe: GSM and DCS 1800 80
2.11 Japan: PDC 83
2.12 North American Digital Standards 84
2.13 TDMA (IS-54/136) 86
2.14 CDMA (IS-95,99) 87
2.15 PCS: Back to the Future? 89
2.15.1 PCS Licensing 90
2.15.2 PCS Standards 91
2.15.3 PCS Challenges 91
2.16 Summary 92
3 Overview of CDPD 93
3.1 CDPD Background 93
3.1.1 CDPD Prototypes 94
3.1.2 "CDPD Lite" 95
3.1.3 CDPD Forum 96
3.1.4 CDPD Service Providers 97
3.2 Relationship of CDPD to other Cellular Data Initiatives 98
3.3 CDPD Services and Characteristics 99
3.3.1 CDPD Network Services 99
3.3.2 CDPD Network Support Services 100
3.3.3 CDPD Network Application Services 100
3.4 CDPD Design Goals and Considerations 101
3.4.1 Location Independence 101
3.4.2 Application Transparency 102
3.4.3 Multiprotocol Support 102
3.4.4 Interoperability 102
3.4.5 Minimal Invention 103
3.4.6 Optimal Usage of RF 103
3.4.7 Evolutionary Design 104
3.4.8 Open 104
3.4.9 Secure 104
3.4.10 Simple 105
3.4.11 Transparent to the Existing Cellular Voice Network 105
3.5 The CDPD Architectural Approach 106
3.6 The Three Key CDPD Interfaces 107
3.6.1 The A-Interface 108
3.6.2 The E-Interface 109
3.6.3 The I-Interface 109
3.7 CDPD Network Elements 110
3.7.1 The Mobile End System (M-ES) 112
3.7.2 The Mobile Data Base Station (MDBS) 113
3.7.3 The Mobile Data Intermediate System (MD-IS) 114
3.7.4 The Intermediate System (IS) 115
3.7.5 The Fixed End System (F-ES) 116
3.8 CDPD Mobility Management 118
3.9 CDPD Radio Resource Management 119
3.10 CDPD Security 120
3.11 CDPD Accounting 120
3.12 Summary 121
4 Mobility Management in Wide-Area Networks 123
4.1 The CDPD Mobility Vision 124
4.2 The CDPD Mobility Approach 124
4.3 CDPD Mobility Management Scope 125
4.4 CDPD Mobility Management Functions 127
4.5 CDPD Routing Architecture 128
4.6 CDPD Protocol Architecture 129
4.7 CDPD Support Protocol Architecture 130
4.8 CDPD Mobility Management Operation 131
4.8.1 Mobile Identification to Network - End System Hello (ESH) 132
4.8.2 Mobile Redirection Request (RDR) 134
4.8.3 Confirmation of service - Redirect Confirm (RDC) 136
4.8.4 Confirmation to M-ES - Intermediate System Confirm (ISC) 138
4.9 CDPD Mobile Data Routing 139
4.9.1 Home MD-IS 139
4.9.2 Serving MD-IS 140
4.10 Intra-Area Mobility 141
4.11 Inter-area Mobility 143
4.12 Other Administrative Operations 145
4.12.1 Redirect Flush 145
4.12.2 Redirect Query and End System Query 146
4.13 Support Data Structures 148
4.13.1 Home Domain Directory 149
4.13.2 Registration Directory 151
4.13.3 Location Directory 152
4.14 Multicast Group Management 153
4.14.1 CDPD Multicast Service Definition 154
4.14.2 Multicast Registration 154
4.14.3 Multicast Authentication 155
4.14.4 Multicast Data Redirection 155
4.14.5 Multicast Data Forwarding 155
4.14.6 Multicast Service Characteristics 156
4.15 Broadcast Addresses 156
4.16 Selection rationale 157
4.16.1 CLNP 157
4.16.2 Triangle routing 158
4.17 Summary 159
5 Accessing the Mobile Network 161
5.1 The A-Interface 161
5.2 The Airlink Physical Layer 162
5.3 Shared Channel Environment 163
5.3.1 Approach 1 - Token Passing 164
5.3.2 Approach 2 - Demand Assigned with Reservation 165
5.3.3 Approach 3 - Slotted Aloha 166
5.3.4 Approach 4 - Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) 167
5.4 The Airlink MAC Sublayer 168
5.4.1 Reed-Solomon Blocks 169
5.4.2 Busy/Idle Indicator 170
5.4.3 Decode Status Flag 171
5.5 M-ES State Machine 172
5.6 Airlink MAC Parameters 175
5.7 Half Duplex Mobiles 176
5.8 The Airlink Data Link Protocol 178
5.8.1 Selective Reject 180
5.8.2 Removal of CRC 181
5.8.3 Addition of ZAP 181
5.8.4 Sleep mode 182
5.9 SNDCF - Protocol Convergence 184
5.9.1 Segmentation and Reassembly 185
5.9.2 Multiplexing 186
5.9.3 Header Compression 186
5.9.4 V.42bis Data Compression 191
5.9.5 Data Encryption 191
5.10 How Data Moves Through Layers 191
5.11 Radio Resource Management 194
5.12 Channel Hopping 203
5.13 Circuit Switch Cellular Digital Packet Data 206
5.13.1 Circuit Switch CDPD Control Protocol 208
5.14 Summary 214
6 Mobile Data Network Security 217
6.1 Introduction 217
6.2 Security Policy 218
6.3 Security Threats 219
6.4 Security Services and Mechanisms 220
6.4.1 Encipherment and Data Confidentiality 221
6.4.2 Digital Signatures 222
6.4.3 Authentication 224
6.4.4 Traffic Flow Confidentiality 224
6.4.5 Data Integrity 225
6.4.6 Key Management 225
6.4.7 Access Control 226
6.4.8 Network Layer Security Considerations 226
6.5 CDPD Security 227
6.5.1 CDPD Security Design Goals and Tradeoffs 228
6.5.2 CDPD Authentication 229
6.5.3 CDPD Confidentiality 233
6.5.4 CDPD Privacy 234
6.6 CDPD Security Design Rationale 234
6.6.1 CDPD Security Objectives 235
6.6.2 One-Way vs. Two-Way Authentication 235
6.6.3 The Tunnel's Data Confidentiality and Authentication 236
6.6.4 Considerations for Use of PKCS 236
6.6.5 Consideration of Other Approaches 237
6.6.6 End-to-end security services 237
7 Mobile Network Support Services 239
7.1 Support Services Overview 239
7.2 CDPD Support Services 240
7.3 Network Management 241
7.3.1 Overview of System Management Framework 241
7.3.2 Systems Management Functional Areas 243
7.3.3 Relationship of Management Specifications to Functional Areas 245
7.3.4 CDPD Network Management 245
7.4 Usage Accounting 247
7.4.1 CDPD Usage Accounting 248
7.4.2 The CDPD Accounting Model 249
7.4.3 Accounting Meter 251
7.4.4 Serving Accounting Distributor (SAD) 251
7.4.5 Home Accounting Distributor (HAD) 252
7.4.6 Home Accounting Collector (HAC) 252
7.4.7 Consolidation Accounting Collector (CAC) 252
7.5 Message Handling Service 253
7.5.1 Overview of Message Handling Services 253
7.5.2 Message Structure 253
7.5.3 Message Transfer Agent (MTA) 254
7.5.4 User Agent (UA) 255
7.5.5 Message Store (MS) 255
7.6 Directory Services 256
7.6.1 The Directory 256
7.6.2 The Directory Model 257
7.6.3 The CDPD Directory Service 258
7.7 Summary 259
8 Mobile Applications
8.1 Categories of Mobile Applications 262
8.1.1 Push or Pull: Mobile Application Information Access 262
8.1.2 Vertical or Horizontal Nature of Mobile Applications 262
8.2 Vertical Applications 263
8.2.1 Field Service 263
8.2.2 Mobile Professional 263
8.2.3 Transportation 263
8.2.4 Point-of-Sale (POS) 264
8.2.5 Telemetry 264
8.2.6 Government 264
8.3 Horizontal Applications 265
8.3.1 Messaging and Email 265
8.3.2 Limited Size Messaging 266
8.4 Applications-Enabling Protocols 271
8.4.1 Limited Size Remote Operation Service (LSROS) 271
8.4.2 Status Notification Service 271
8.4.3 Subscriber Area Location Service 274
9 Non-Cellular Approaches to Mobile Data Networking 277
9.1 Background 277
9.2 Wireless LANs and Metropolitan Networks 278
9.2.1 Infrared Systems 280
9.2.2 Narrowband RF Systems 280
9.2.3 Spread Spectrum Systems 280
9.2.4 Metricom Ricochet 281
9.3 Paging Systems 283
9.3.1 One-Way Paging Systems 284
9.3.2 Two-Way Paging Systems 286
9.4 Private Wireless Packet Data Systems 289
9.5 Public Wireless Packet Data Services 291
9.5.1 Advanced Radio Data Integrated System (Ardis) 291
9.5.2 RAM Mobile Data (Mobitex) 294
9.5.3 RadioMail 298
9.6 Satellite-Based Systems 298
9.7 Summary 302
10 Future Directions in Mobility 303
10.1 Mobility under IPv4 304
10.1.1 The Mobile IP Standards Process 304
10.1.2 Overview of Draft Version 16 of the IETF IP Mobility Support 305
10.1.3 Implementations Based on Mobile IP Drafts 310
10.2 Mobility under IPv6 315
10.2.1 The IPv6 Standards Process 315
10.2.2 Overview of Mobility Support in IPv6 315
10.3 Comparison of Mobile IP and CDPD 316
10.3.1 Objectives, Goals and Assumptions 317
10.3.2 Technical Architecture and Design 318
10.3.3 Model and Terminology 318
10.3.4 Operational Assumptions 320
10.3.5 Standardization Process 321
10.3.6 Potentials 321