Detalles MARC
| 000 -Cabecera |
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| Campo de control de longitud fija |
19269nam a2200337 a 4500 |
| 003 - Identificador del Número de control |
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| Identificador del número de control |
AR-sfUTN |
| 008 - Códigos de información de longitud fija-Información general |
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| Códigos de información de longitud fija |
170717s2002 ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d |
| 020 ## - ISBN |
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| ISBN |
1574910817 |
| 040 ## - Fuente de la catalogación |
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| Centro transcriptor |
AR-sfUTN |
| 041 ## - Código de lengua |
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| Código de lengua del texto |
eng |
| 080 ## - CDU |
|---|
| Clasificación Decimal Universal |
66.047 J448 |
| Edición de la CDU |
2000 |
| 100 1# - Punto de acceso principal-Nombre de persona |
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| Nombre personal |
Jennings, Thomas A. |
| 245 10 - Mención de título |
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| Título |
Lyophilization : |
| Resto del título |
introduction and basic principles / |
| Mención de responsabilidad |
Thomas A. Jennings. |
| 260 ## - Publicación, distribución, etc. (pie de imprenta) |
|---|
| Lugar de publicación, distribución, etc. |
Boca Raton : |
| Nombre del editor, distribuidor, etc. |
CRC Press, |
| Fecha de publicación, distribución, etc. |
2002 |
| 300 ## - Descripción física |
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| Extensión |
646 p. |
| 336 ## - Tipo de contenido |
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| Fuente |
rdacontent |
| Término de tipo de contenido |
texto |
| Código de tipo de contenido |
txt |
| 337 ## - Tipo de medio |
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| Fuente |
rdamedia |
| Nombre del tipo de medio |
sin mediación |
| Código del tipo de medio |
n |
| 338 ## - Tipo de soporte |
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| Fuente |
rdacarrier |
| Nombre del tipo de soporte |
volumen |
| Código del tipo de soporte |
nc |
| 505 80 - Nota de contenido con formato |
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| Nota de contenido con formato |
CONTENIDO<br/>Preface vii<br/>1. Introduction 1<br/>Historical Review 1<br/>Evolution of Process and Equipment 3<br/>Definition of Lyophilization 4<br/>General Description of the Process 4<br/>Formulation 4<br/>Freezing 5<br/>Primary Drying 6<br/>Secondary Drying 6<br/>Container-Closure System 6<br/>Freeze-Drying Equipment 6<br/>The Freeze-Drying Chamber<br/>The Condenser Chamber<br/>The Vacuum Pumping System<br/>Properties of Lyophilized Materials 8<br/>Stability 8<br/>Long-Term or Real-Time Stability Testing<br/>ccelerated Stability Testing<br/>Cosmetic Properties 9<br/>Moisture 10<br/>Free Water<br/>Bound Water<br/>Reconstitution 11<br/>Applications 11<br/>Healthcare Industry 11<br/>Veterinary 12<br/>Food 12<br/>Other Applications 12<br/>References 13<br/>2. Product Formulation 15<br/>Introduction 15<br/>Active Constituent 16<br/>Synthetic 16<br/>Cisplatin<br/>Acetic Acid<br/>Nature Derived 17<br/>Vaccines<br/>Proteins<br/>Physical State 18<br/>Solvent System<br/>Humidification<br/>Thermal Treatment<br/>Other Constituents Buffers 20<br/>Law of Mass Action<br/>Definition of pH<br/>Buffer Solution<br/>Bulking Compounds 29<br/>Mannitol<br/>Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone<br/>Other Bulking Agents<br/>Stabilizing Agents 33<br/>Law of Mass Action<br/>Excipient Induced Crystallization of the Active Constituent<br/>Cryoprotectants 35<br/>Lyoprotectants 36<br/>Solvents Nature of Water 38<br/>Solubility and Solvation Properties of Water 39<br/>Solubility Mechanism<br/>Salvation<br/>Other Solvent Systems 41<br/>Crystallization of the Active Constituent<br/>Stability of the Active Constituent<br/>Physical Characteristics 42<br/>Colligative Properties 42<br/>Freezing-Point Depression<br/>Osmolarity<br/>Concentration Properties 44<br/>Optical<br/>Particulate Malter 48<br/>Visible Particles and Means for Their Detection<br/>Subvisible Particles and Means for Their Detection<br/>Various Saurces of Extrinsic Particulate Matter in a Formulation<br/>Thermal Properties 52<br/>The Function of Thermal Properties 52<br/>Effect on the Cost of Manufacturing 53<br/>Impact on the Freeze-Dryer 53<br/>3. The Importance of Process Water 59<br/>Role of Process Water in Lyophilization 59<br/>Introduction 59<br/>Purity 59<br/>Total Solids<br/>Inorganic Compounds<br/>Conductivity<br/>pH Measurements<br/>Organic Compounds<br/>Microbial and Endotoxin Levels<br/>Hydrogen Bonding Formation 62<br/>Impact of Excípients or Impurities 63<br/>Degree of Supercooling 64<br/>Heterogeneous Nucleation 64<br/>Homogeneous Nucleation 65<br/>Rate of Ice Growth 67<br/>Effect on Cake Structure 67<br/>Cake Structure Without Excipient Interaction<br/>Cake Structurc with Excipient Interaction<br/>Structure of Ice 71<br/>Polymorphic Forms of Ice 72<br/>Hexagonal Structure of Ih 73<br/>Affect of Solutes 74<br/>Clathrates or Gas Hydrates<br/>Amorphous Frozen Water<br/>Electrical Conductivity of Ice Disordered Surface Region 77<br/>Conductivity of Ice 78<br/>Intrinsic Conductivity of Ice<br/>Surface Conductivity of Ice<br/>Summary 79<br/>4. Phase Changes 83<br/>Importance of Phase Changes 83<br/>Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Systems 84<br/>Homogeneous System 84<br/>Heterogeneous System 84<br/>Constituents and Components Constituent 85<br/>Component 85<br/>Intensive State Variables<br/>Equilibrium Between Phases 86<br/>Degrees of Freedom 87<br/>Phase Rule 87<br/>Claperyon-Clausis Equation 88<br/>Glassy States 89<br/>Formulation 90<br/>Latent Heat of Melting 91<br/>Glass Transition and Collapse Temperatures 91<br/>5. The Thermal Properties of Formulations 93<br/>Need for Identifying Thermal Properties 93<br/>Reproducibility of the Formulation 93<br/>Rationale for the Freezing and Primary Drying Processes 94<br/>Ice-Like Water Clusters 94<br/>Degree of Supercooling 95<br/>Equilibrium Freezing Temperature 95<br/>The Water System 95<br/>Formulation 96<br/>Degree of Crystallization 97<br/>Eutectic Temperature 99<br/>Definitions 100<br/>Gibb's Phase Rule<br/>Freezing-Point Depression<br/>Frequency of Eutectic Points in Formulations 101<br/>Collapse Temperature 102<br/>Interstitial Melting Temperature 103<br/>Ice Melting Temperature 103<br/>Metastable States 103<br/>Activation Energy 104<br/>6. Thermal Analytical Methods 109<br/>Introduction 109<br/>Thermal Analysis 109<br/>Description of the Apparatus 110<br/>Analytical Method 111<br/>Container<br/>Certification of the Thermocouples<br/>Fill Volume<br/>Setup of the Apparatus<br/>Cooling<br/>Warming<br/>Interpretation of the Data 112<br/>Cooling Data<br/>Warming Data<br/>Apparatus<br/>Analytical Method<br/>Thermal Characteristics<br/>Differential Thermal Analysis 115<br/>Description of the Apparatus 116<br/>Analytical Method 116<br/>Interpretation of the Data 116<br/>Sodium Chloride Solution<br/>Earl's Solution with Glucose and Glycine<br/>Apparatus<br/>Analytical Method<br/>Thermal Characteristics<br/>Limitations<br/>Differential Scanning Calorimetry 121<br/>Description of the Apparatus 121<br/>Heat Flux Design<br/>Null-Balance System<br/>General Characteristics of DSC Systems<br/>Analytical Method 124<br/>Calibration and Certification<br/>Preparation of the Sample and Reference<br/>Freezing of the Sample<br/>Warming Temperature Scanning Rate<br/>Interpretation of the Data 125<br/>Cooling Thermogram<br/>Warming Thermogram<br/>Summary and Comments 129<br/>Apparatus<br/>Analytical Method<br/>Thermal Characteristics<br/>Freezing Microscope 132<br/>Description of the Apparatus and Analytical Method 132<br/>Photomicrography and Cinemicrography<br/>Freeze-Drying Microscope<br/>Interpretation of the Observations 134<br/>Freezing Process<br/>Freeze-Drying During Warming<br/>Summary and Comments 136<br/>Advantages of the Freeze-Drying Microscope<br/>Limitations of the Freeze-Drying Microscope<br/>Electrical Resistance 138<br/>Ohm's Law<br/>Relationship Between Resistance and Resistivity<br/>Conduction Mechanism<br/>Parker Effect<br/>Description of the Apparatus 142<br/>Multielectrode System<br/>Dual Electrode System<br/>Vertical Resistivity Cell<br/>Analytical Methods 146<br/>Multielectrode System<br/>Dual Electrode System<br/>Vertical Resistivity Cell<br/>Interpretation of the Data 147<br/>Multielectrode System<br/>Dual Electrode System<br/>Vertical Resistivity Cell<br/>Summary and Comments 151<br/>Dielectric Analysis Introduction 153<br/>Description of the Apparatus 155<br/>Analytical Method 156<br/>Preparation of the Sample<br/>Test Method<br/>Interpretation of the Data 156<br/>Water<br/>Relaxation Time<br/>DCC and TOF Methods<br/>Theoretical Basis for DEA Measurements<br/>Apparatus<br/>Analytical Method<br/>Interpretation of the Data<br/>D2 and DTA Analytical System 162<br/>D2 Analysis<br/>Description of the Apparatus 165<br/>Test Containers, Sensors, and Resistance Cells<br/>Data Collection and Computer System<br/>Analytical Method 166<br/>Run Identification<br/>Calibration<br/>Setup of the Analysis<br/>Cooling Analysis<br/>Warming Analysis<br/>Printout of Data<br/>Interpretation of the Data 170<br/>Cooling<br/>Warming<br/>Apparatus<br/>Appendix A: Data for Thermal Properties of a 0.9 percent NaCl Solution During Cooling and Warming 193<br/>Appendix B: Data for a D2 and DTA Analysis of a 0.9 (wt/v) NaCl Solution 203<br/>Appendix C: Data for 3 (wt/v) and 0.9 NaCl (wt/v) Solution 227<br/>Appendix D: Data for a D2 and DTA Analysis of a 3 Lactose Solution 252<br/>7. The Freezing Process 261<br/>Introduction 261<br/>Formation of the Frozen Matrix 262<br/>Formation of Ice Crystals 262<br/>Mushy System 262<br/>Interstitial Region 263<br/>Glassy State<br/>Crystalline and Glassy States<br/>Crystalline State<br/>Frozen Matrix 266<br/>Impact of the Fill Volume 267<br/>Heat-Transfer Rate 267<br/>Heat Transfer During Freezing 268<br/>Freezing Functions and Methods 270<br/>Other Freezing Methods 276<br/>Immersion Freezing<br/>Snap Freezing<br/>8. The Primary Drying Process 261<br/>Introduction 283<br/>The Function of the Primary Drying Process 283<br/>The Perception of the Primary Drying Process 283<br/>The Sublimation Process 284<br/>General Assumptions 284<br/>Matrix Temperature<br/>Disordered Ice Layer<br/>Frequency Distribution of Energy<br/>The Sublimation of Ice 286<br/>Sublimation Model by Maeno and Nishimura<br/>Sublimation Model by Pikal, Shah, Senior, and Lang<br/>Rate of Sublimation by Livesey and Rowe<br/>Sublimation Model by Dushman<br/>Effects of Chamber Pressure and Shelf-Surface Temperature<br/>Effect of Container Configuration 292<br/>Heat-Transfer Rate<br/>Heat Transfer Between the Shelf Surface and a Tray<br/>Heat Transfer Between the Shelf Surface and a Vial<br/>Primary Drying of a Formulation 306<br/>Configuration of the Frozen Matrix<br/>The Effect of the Interstitial Region on the Primary Drying Process<br/>Key Process Parameters 313<br/>General Relationship Between Pc Tp and Ts 313<br/>Primary Drying Independent of the Batch Size<br/>Size and Manufacturer of the Freeze-Dryer<br/>Chamber Pressure 314<br/>Effect of Lack of Pressure Control on Primary Drying<br/>Impact of the Nature of the Pressure Gauge<br/>Gauge Location and Design Features of the Dryer<br/>Shelf Temperature 319<br/>Fluid-Shelf Temperature<br/>Inlet and Outlet Fluid Temperatures<br/>ShelfSurface Temperature<br/>Product Temperature 322<br/>The Importance of Monitoring Tp<br/>Indirect Determination of Tp<br/>Manometric Measurements of Tp<br/>Condenser Temperature 330<br/>High Tc Values<br/>Low Operating Pc Values<br/>Design and Construction of the Condenser<br/>Examples of Primary Drying Processes 331<br/>Formulation #1 332<br/>Determination of the Operating Parameters<br/>Primary Drying Process for Formulation #1<br/>Formulation #2 334<br/>Determination of the Operating Parameters<br/>Primary Drying Process for Formulation #2<br/>Formulation #3 335<br/>Determination of the Operating Parameters<br/>Primary Drying Process for Formulation #3<br/>Summary 338<br/>Process Monitoring Techniques 339<br/>Pressure Rise Test 339<br/>Comparative Pressure Measurement 339<br/>Dielectric Moisture Sensor 340<br/>Windmill Device 342<br/>Summary 342<br/>Calorimetric Measurement Techniques 343<br/>Introduction 343<br/>Method for Making Calorimetric Measurements 343<br/>Determination of Qm<br/>Determination of Hm,t<br/>Determination of Co 345<br/>Preparation of the Sensor Vial<br/>Measurement Method<br/>Determination of Co Value<br/>Measurement of Qm and Hm During Primary Drying 346<br/>Applications of the Frequency Distribution of Co 348<br/>Sensors for Calorimetric Measurements<br/>Standard Deviation<br/>9. Secondary Drying Processes 355<br/>Role of the Drying Process 355<br/>Historical Background 355<br/>General Description of Secondary Drying 356<br/>Criteria for Selecting Secondary Drying Parameters 356<br/>Residual Moisture and Stability 357<br/>Residual Moisture<br/>Bound Water<br/>Absorption, Adsorption, and Desorption of Gases 359<br/>Absorption<br/>Adsorption<br/>Desorption<br/>Model for Secondary Drying 363<br/>Model<br/>Examples of Adsorption or Desorption Isotherms of Lyophilized Products<br/>Secondary Drying Parameters 368<br/>Standard Operating Secondary Drying Parameters<br/>Calorimetric Monitoring of Secondary Drying<br/>Process Monitoring Techniques 372<br/>Pressure Rise Test 372<br/>Description of the Test Method<br/>Comparative Pressure Sensors 373<br/>Description of the Method<br/>Humidity Sensor 375<br/>Description of The Method<br/>Residual Gas Analysis 375<br/>Description of the Analytical Method<br/>Purge Method 376<br/>Calorimetric Measurements 377<br/>Results of Calorimetric Measurements During Secondary Drying<br/>Examples of the Secondary Drying Process 379<br/>Formulation #1 380<br/>Selection of the Operating Parameters<br/>Secondary Drying for Formulation #1<br/>Determination of Completion of Secondary Drying<br/>Stoppering of the Vials<br/>Formulation #2 383<br/>Selection of the Operating Parameters<br/>Secondary Drying for Formulation #2<br/>Determination of Completion of Secondary Drying<br/>Formulation #3 386<br/>Selection of the Operating Parameters<br/>Secondary Drying for Formulation #3<br/>Determination of Completion of Secondary Drying<br/>10. Product Properties 393<br/>Need for Evaluation of the Lyophilized Product 393<br/>General Overview of the Chapter 393<br/>General Physical Properties of the Cake<br/>Moisture<br/>Reconstitution<br/>Stability<br/>Physical Properties 395<br/>Effects of the Formulation 395<br/>Transition Temperature<br/>Cake Volume<br/>Color<br/>Texture<br/>Cake Density<br/>Shrinkage or Collapse<br/>Pores<br/>Crystallization<br/>Structure<br/>Cake Strength<br/>Fractureability<br/>Vial Breakage<br/>Effects of the Lyophilization Parameters 405<br/>Potency<br/>Matrix Structure<br/>Bilayer Structure<br/>Froth or Foam<br/>Cake Strength<br/>Crust or Glaze<br/>Collapse<br/>Meltback<br/>Puffing<br/>Browning<br/>Effects of Storage<br/>Moisture Residual and Bound Water 410<br/>Residual Moisture and Free Water<br/>Dependence on Surface Area<br/>Change in the Residual Moisture Content<br/>Bound Water<br/>Analytical Methods 412<br/>Gravimetric Analysis of Bulk Materials<br/>Gravimetric Analysis of Lyophilized Products<br/>Thermogravimetric Analysis<br/>Karl Fischer Method<br/>Coulometric Karl Fischer Analysis<br/>Comparative Study of Gravimetric, Thermogravimetric, and Karl Fischer Moisture Analyses<br/>Water Pressure Determination<br/>High Vacuum Moisture Determination<br/>Reconstitution 426<br/>The Diluent 426<br/>pH of the Diluent<br/>Temperature<br/>Particulate Matter<br/>Diluent Formulation<br/>Reconstitution Time 427<br/>Surface Area and Physical Properties<br/>Methods for Reconstitution<br/>Relationship of Lyophilization Process and Reconstitution<br/>Effect of Storage<br/>Specifications for Particulate Matter 429<br/>USP Limits for Particulate Matter for Injectable Solutions<br/>Sources of Subvisible Particles<br/>Measurement of Particulate Matter<br/>Additional Tests of the Reconstituted Formulation 431<br/>Colligative Properties<br/>Concentration Properties<br/>Product Stability 432<br/>Real-Time Stability 432<br/>Accelerated Determination of Stability 432<br/>Key Product Properties Affecting Stability 432<br/>Structure<br/>Moisture<br/>Container System<br/>Review of Statistical Methods and Control Charts 434<br/>Frequency Distribution<br/>Arithmetic Mean<br/>Standard Deviation<br/>Real-Time Stability Studies 438<br/>Moisture Content<br/>Product Stability<br/>Accelerated Studies 443<br/>Arrhenius Rate Equation<br/>Description of the Method<br/>General Reaction Expression<br/>Results of Arrhenius Accelerated Studies<br/>11. Vacuum Technology 457<br/>The Need to Understand Vacuum Technology 457<br/>Objectives of the Chapter 458<br/>Kinetic Theory of Gases 459<br/>Postulates 459<br/>Gas Pressure 459<br/>Units of Pressure<br/>Partial and Vapor Pressures<br/>Mean Free Path 463<br/>Gas Flow 465<br/>General Gas Flow Expression<br/>Viscous Flow<br/>Molecular Flow<br/>Effect of Bends on Gas Conduction<br/>Vapor Throughout 467<br/>Gas Thermal Conductivity 470<br/>Pressure Gauges 470<br/>U Tube 470<br/>McLeod Gauge 472<br/>Fundamental Principles of The McLeod Gauge<br/>Operation of The McLeod Gauge<br/>Thermal Conductivity Gauges 474<br/>Fundamental Principles of a Thermal Conductivity Gauge<br/>Operation of the Thermocouple Gauge<br/>Operating of a Pirani Gauge<br/>Capacitance Manometer Gauge 478<br/>Construction of the Capacitance Manometer Gauge<br/>Operation of the Capacitance Manometer Gauge<br/>Zeroing of the Gauge<br/>Residual Gas Analysis RGA 480<br/>Overall Instrument<br/>Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer<br/>Ion Formation and Fragmentation Patterns<br/>Procedure for Determining the Partial Pressure of a Gas<br/>Vacuum Leaks 487<br/>Real Leaks 487<br/>Straight Leak Path<br/>Serpentine Leak Path<br/>Malecular Flow Leak Paths<br/>Virtual Leaks 490<br/>12. Container-Closure System 495<br/>Introduction 495<br/>The Closure 496<br/>Closure Composition and Formation 496<br/>Polymer Component<br/>Reinforcing Agent<br/>Other Constituents<br/>Formation of the Closure<br/>Physical Properties 498<br/>Modulus<br/>Compression Set<br/>Durometer Hardness<br/>Glass Transition Temperature<br/>Vapor Transport Properties<br/>Diffusion and Permeation 501<br/>Diffusion<br/>Permeation<br/>Outgassing 504<br/>Outgassing or Gas Permeation<br/>Outgassing of Water Vapor<br/>Determining the Outgassing of Water Vapor<br/>Frequency Distribution for the Outgassing of Water Vapor<br/>Outgassing of Other Gas Species from Closures<br/>Coring 514<br/>Conditions for the Coring of Closures<br/>Core Testing of the Closure<br/>Siliconization of Closures 516<br/>The Container 517<br/>Historical 517<br/>Dissolution and Leaching of Glass 517<br/>Dissolution<br/>Leaching<br/>Glass Types<br/>Cleaning of the Vials<br/>The Physical Properties of Vials 519<br/>Effect of Vial Configuration<br/>Molded and Tubing Vials<br/>Glass Ampollles<br/>Container-Closure System 523<br/>Description of the Sealing System 523<br/>The Crimping Operation<br/>Container-Closure Seal<br/>Measurement of compressive Forces 525<br/>Twist Method<br/>Seal Force Monitor<br/>West Seal Tester<br/>Constant Rate of Strain Testing<br/>On-Line Testing<br/>Container-Closure Leaks 528<br/>Bubble Test 529<br/>Standard Method<br/>Vacuum Bubble Test<br/>Pressure Rise 531<br/>Color Dye Test 533<br/>Helium Leak Testing 533<br/>Verification of the Helium Leak Test for a Container-Closure<br/>Determination of the Leak Rate for an Uncrimped Closure<br/>Leak Rate for a Crimped Container-Closure System<br/>Glow Discharge Method 538<br/>Nature of the Glow Discharge<br/>Electro-Technic VC-105 Automatic Vacuum Tester<br/>Effect of the Glow Discharge on the Properties of the Lyophilized Cake<br/>Microbial Transport Tests 542<br/>Microbial Ingress Test Method<br/>Microbial Regress Test Method<br/>Miscellaneous Tests 543<br/>Vacuum/Pressure Decay<br/>Carbon Dioxide Tracer Gas<br/>Oxygen as a Tracer Gas<br/>Ampoule Seal 544<br/>Leak Testing of Ampoules 545<br/>Water Bath<br/>Dark Field Microscopy<br/>13. Effect of Vacuum Freeze-Dryers-Present and Future 549<br/>Introduction 549<br/>Impact on the Lyophilization Process 549<br/>Impact on the Lyophilized Product 550<br/>Effect on the Container-Closure System 550<br/>Safety Considerations 551<br/>The Drying Chamber 551<br/>Chamba Design or Configuration 551<br/>Construction 553<br/>Materials<br/>Finish<br/>Insulation<br/>Leaks 555<br/>Real Leaks<br/>Virtual Leaks<br/>Leak Testing 559<br/>Dryer Preparation Leaks and the Nature of the Leak<br/>Soap Solution<br/>Acetone<br/>Helium Leak Testing<br/>Mass Spectrometer<br/>Refrigerant Leak Detection<br/>Fluorescence<br/>Door 567<br/>Design and Construction<br/>Thermal Insulation<br/>Gorilla Effect Shelves 571<br/>Construction<br/>Unusable and Usable Shelves<br/>Spacing<br/>Heat Transfer<br/>Direct Expansion<br/>Gas Conductance<br/>Heat-Transfer Fluid<br/>Shelf Temperature<br/>Safe Environment 580<br/>Particulate Matter 580<br/>Swab Test<br/>Filter Test<br/>Counter<br/>Vapor Deposits 582<br/>Swab Test<br/>Contact Angle<br/>Cleaning 584<br/>Manual<br/>Clean-in-Place<br/>Flooding<br/>The Condenser 586<br/>Condenser Configuration 587<br/>Plates<br/>Coils<br/>Capacity 589<br/>Condenser Temperatures 589<br/>Internal Condenser 590<br/>External Condenser 591<br/>Isolation Valve 591<br/>Valve Configuration<br/>Gas Conductance<br/>Vacuum System The Need for a Vacuum System 592<br/>Foreline 593<br/>Backstreaming of Oil Vapors 593<br/>Methods for Determining Backstreaming<br/>Means for Eliminating or Preventing Backstreaming<br/>Gas Ballast 598<br/>Instrumentation 600<br/>Vacuum Gauges 600<br/>Mercury McLeod Gauge<br/>Pirani and Thermocouple Gauges<br/>Capacitance Manometer Gauge<br/>Process Control Systems 602<br/>Automatic Resistivity Control System<br/>Computer Control System<br/>Temperature Control<br/>Data Collection System<br/>The Future of Lyophilization 606<br/>New Objectives 607<br/>Formulation 608<br/>Thermal Properties<br/>Cake Properties<br/>Statistical Approach<br/>The Scientific Forum<br/>Batch Verses Continuous 610<br/>The Batch System<br/>The Continuous System<br/>A Prototype of a Continuous Freeze-Dryer<br/>A Comparison of a Conventional and a Continuous Dryer<br/>A Comparison of Required Utilities<br/>A Comparison of Production Parameters and Capacity |
| 650 ## - Punto de acceso adicional de materia - Término de materia |
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| Término de materia |
LIOFILIZACION |
| 650 ## - Punto de acceso adicional de materia - Término de materia |
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| Término de materia |
SECADO |
| 650 ## - Punto de acceso adicional de materia - Término de materia |
|---|
| Término de materia |
CONGELACION |
| 650 ## - Punto de acceso adicional de materia - Término de materia |
|---|
| Término de materia |
PROCESOS DE INGENIERIA QUIMICA |
| 650 ## - Punto de acceso adicional de materia - Término de materia |
|---|
| Término de materia |
LYOPHILIZATION |
| 650 ## - Punto de acceso adicional de materia - Término de materia |
|---|
| Término de materia |
DRYING |
| 650 ## - Punto de acceso adicional de materia - Término de materia |
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| Término de materia |
FREEZE |
| 650 ## - Punto de acceso adicional de materia - Término de materia |
|---|
| Término de materia |
SECADO POR CONGELACION |
| 942 ## - ADDED ENTRY ELEMENTS (KOHA) |
|---|
| Tipo de ítem Koha |
Libro |
| Esquema de clasificación |
Clasificación Decinal Universal |
